Being an Outsider is Detrimental Essay

An outsider is a person who does not belong to a particular group, who is not accepted and is consequently isolated. However, to not belong can be detrimental as we all have an intrinsic need to belong. To belong implies an understanding of the needs of the individual and the group and negotiating a way towards acceptance of those needs. On the other hand, exclusion occurs when the individual and the group fails to understand one another, which can be detrimental. These ideas are demonstrated in Alex Buzo’s play â€Å"Norm and Ahmed† and in the poem â€Å"Kimberley† by Jackie Kay. Often we search for a sense of belonging to place and when we do not find it, we are not fulfilled. In the play, â€Å"Norm and Ahmed† Ahmed, an Indian, has little connection to Australian culture and therefore sees himself as an outsider. This is immediately evident in the way he dresses in his traditional Nehru style suit which is juxtaposed to Norm, an Australian, who wears typical male western style of clothing of â€Å"open-necked white shirt and grey trousers.† To remind Ahmed that he is an outsider, Norm repeats the phrase â€Å"a visitor to this country†, and he also assumes that all South Asian people are Indians, stereotyping India as an uncivilised country filled with dangerous â€Å"Bombay stranglers†. This metaphor shows that Norm makes sure that Ahmed is regarded as an outsider by talking in a superior tone and debasing India through juxtaposition and contrast of Sydney and Bombay as â€Å"this isn’t India mate, you’re in Sydney†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦you’re quite safe†. Furthermore, Norm is constantly reinforcing Ahmed’s ethnicity and feelings of being an outsider through derogatory terms such as â€Å"boong† and â€Å"chow† because he himself feels confident in being an insider of the Australian culture. Norm’s body language described in strong present participles as â€Å"prowling† â€Å"circling† and â€Å"grabbing† and stage directions reinforce Norm’s confidence and intimidation telling Ahmed that he is an outsider. Norm believes that Ahmed is not entitled to make judgements about Australia stating â€Å"I wouldn’t throw my weight around in someone else’s country.†This shows that a person of a different ethnic background will be made to feel an outsider and alienated if those of the main culture do not make an effort to include them.

Growing Up African American

I am a member of the African American group and I would like to tell you a bit about the group of when I am a part of. Let me start by saying that my African American group originated from Africa and growing up in America can be tough for people of my race, the African Americans. My group’s history is wide ranging spanning for many years and varying from region to region within the United States. I remember when I was young I use to talk to my mother a lot and asked her many questions like â€Å"Why am I called an African American? She went on to explain that our race originally comes from Africa and we were part of a slave trade. From my mother I learned that we were slaves until a law was passed to give us freedom. I use to wonder when I was young if there were other people similar to me all over America. I also remember something my father told me once that African Americans live all over the country. My father told stories of how he used to go to an all black school could vote or sit in the front of buses. Being African Americans have faced several kinds of creation and consequence situations in the years they have been a part of the United States. In some places cheaper labor, longer work hours and terrible living conditions. Many people of the United States have made it almost impossible for groups of another race or Ethnicity to strive and live full happy lives. I have seen over the year’s situations of extermination in some parts, as well segregation, and expulsion. In school from some of my teachers, in social interactions like just walking through a store, and especially in the work place when they’ll even give me the chance to work because it doesn’t matter I go to get a job out here. There are some racist, even the Uncle Tom’s. I’ve done everything they ask and still I either get denied the job or they hire me and treat me like Growing up African American 3 trash until I quit, or they try to find a reason to get rid of me. Since, I don’t give them much reason to get rid of me due to my strong work ethic and performance; they usually try to break me down. Education plays an important role for most African Americans; however we are still way behind when compared to the White American which probably has a lot to do with the way some of us was brought up or our background. Regardless of the contributions made by the forefathers of black people, there is a hesitation of acceptance of the race that has been a focus of many groups the strive for freedom and justice for all, that has not yet been rectified. The same group of people was good enough to built the country is not always seen as good enough to live in the house next door. I believe because this country is made up of many different races and ethnic groups that are steadily growing in numbers. If different races are toco exist peacefully in the U. S. , it is vital that we all become educated on the history and culture of different races and ethnicities. According to the 2000 Census data for Lexington, MS the total population for 2000 were 2,025 male 965 and female 1,060 square miles 2. 45. Race: white (635); black or African American (1,362); American Indian and Alaska Native (1); Asian (13); and two or more races (14); and Hispanic or Latino (of any race) (40) (Fact finder Census 2000). Birthplace facts from the 2000 census data in Lexington born in the same state (1,706); born in another state (269); born outside the US (0); naturalized citizen (14); and foreign born, not US citizen (10). Some more 2000 census data in educational attainment population 25 and older was 1,206 in Lexington: high school graduates (299); some college, or associate’s degree (349); bachelor’s degree (111); and master’s, professional or doctorate degree (60). Some enrollment population 3 years and over Growing up African American 4 enrolled in school was 627: preschool and kindergarten (83); grades 1-12 (446); and college (98) (2000 census data).

STRATEGIC ANALYSIS case assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

STRATEGIC ANALYSIS case - Assignment Example Convenient locations are likely to be visited by clients, which means an increase in earned revenue. The first alternative for Colin is the inclusion of cut polishing service. The competing companies have the cut polishing services, which is an additional service to make it convenient for affluent consumers. The alternative would cost a 25% percent increase in pricing, $1,500 insurance coverage and $250 for a rotary buffer (Finnbogason 7). It might lead to the loss of consumers who value pricing and increase in affluent car owners who value the look of the car. The cost of the risk might emanate from destroying the finish of a car and training all workers to perform the same task with precision. Mobile detailing services would mean a 30% increase in pricing and increase convenience. Additional costs are $10,000 for the truck and other equipment. It would also mean additional logistical challenges. Golf Course partnership option would cost $150 for the sign only. It would also mean 10% increase in price. An increase in convenience would attract more consumers and the people who visit the golf course might not mind the increase in pricing. They are likely affluent car owners. Logistical challenges and system set up are manageable

Discuss the relationship between the design of religious architecture Essay - 1

Discuss the relationship between the design of religious architecture and the interests and requirements of the religious tradition associated with it - Essay Example This paper will provide more insight into this analogy through discussing four historical religious architectures: the Altar of Zeus, Egyptian pyramids, Suleymaniye Mosque and St. Peter’s Basilica. The Altar of Zeus was for ancient Greeks, Egyptian pyramids were created by ancient Egyptians, Suleymaniye Mosque was for Muslims and the Basilica was designed by Romans. The Altar of Zeus provides a good Hellenistic Greek sculpture example, which was built between 166 and 156 BCE. The altar is crafted with art and sculpture, which depicts narrations. The Gigantochamy frieze, which adorns the base of the altar, has at least 100 distinct panels that show combats between gods and giants. Here, one connects with the Greek legend where Zaas decided to abandon Gaia’s after the new gods (led by Zeus and in support by Zaas) defeated the old gods (led by Cronus). The East Frieze sculpture, on the other hand, constitutes significant Olympic gods such as Hecate, Artemis, Zeus, Athena and Ares. In the same way, the north, south and west frieze sculptures continue with sculptural and relief narrations of various Greek gods.1 The altar, also known as the Altar of Pergamon, stands at 115 feet in width and 110 feet in depth. The altar was accessible through a stairway, from the west, which led up to a roofed hall extending to the front and sides of the altar . This alter is very important to the people, who regard it highly and its highly respected. It has been in existence for quite a long time and many people have high regard for the alter. Due to this fact, the alter of Pergamon is well preserved or taken care of. Ancient Egyptian pyramids held similar themes in architectural designs. The pyramids were erected on the west bank of the Nile. This was in accordance with Egypt’s religious doctrine which stated that the dead should rest where the sun sets.2 In addition, most pyramids were covered with limestone, which was meant to give them a shiny

The Knight's Tale and The Wife of Bath's Tale Essay

The Knight's Tale and The Wife of Bath's Tale - Essay Example ‘The Wife of Bath’s Tale’ has a prologue where one woman talks about the five husbands she has had and in relation to her husbands, she encompasses in the conversation, topics like love, sex, religion, pleasure, gender roles, culture, society, beauty, jealousy and marriage. She talks about how these factors have remained interconnected with her life but in an almost sarcastic and humorous way. Of her five husbands, four loved her immensely and were docile to her wishes. They laid their life, love and wealth at her feet and praised her day and night and sought her attention and love. She had loved none of her first four husbands because they were old and had just married them for their money. However, if they satisfied and pleased her she let them have their way with her sometimes; she had their reigns in the palm of her hand. The Wife of Bath’s fifth husband was a man much younger than she and she loved him dearly. This is where she explains that women only love what they cannot have, and since this husband was â€Å"cool† to her affections she coveted him. But soon, aided by her clever shenanigans the lady of Bath had him in the palm of her hand too. He happily granted her authority over him and succumbed to her. The actual tale of the lady of Bath tells the story of a knight who was overcome by lust and raped a young girl in court. As punishment he was given a year to find out what women really want and if he found correct, his life would be spared, otherwise he would be killed. He had no success until the last day; he met an old woman who gave him the correct answer. What truly makes women happy is to have utter control over their lovers and husbands. Later, the old woman asks the young knight to marry her in return of her favor. He complies, but is unhappy because she is old and ugly. She gives him a choice; she can either be a good, faithful, ugly wife or an unfaithful but beautiful one. He leaves the decision at her discr etion. Made truly happy by her control over him, she turns into a beautiful and faithful wife. In sum, ‘The Wife of Bath’s Tale’ talks of a love that is selfish and riddled with coy plots and plans. In comparison, ‘The Knight’s Tale’ talks of a love that is pure and the things men do to attain their beloved. Through the progress of this story we learn that Palamon and Arcite are willing to risk their lives and freedom just to get to their beloved. Their love is blind and fearless and knows no bounds and they are willing to put everything that is most precious to them to be able to marry and possess the love of Emelye, with which the both are in love. In a way these tales are biased accounts of the topics of love, marriage, passion and desire for they confine each gender to a role and motive of an extreme, when in reality the truth is far from this. There are countless men who plot and scheme for love and when it comes to it, love only for self ish reasons and there are just as many, if not more women in this world who love blindly and faithfully regardless of how beautiful they are. However, there is much to learn from them too. Each defines a stereotype that exists in these settings, and even if the factor of gender roles is removed from the equation, most of the subject matter still rings true. In essence, the two stories talk about love from the perspective of the two different genders and

Date (phoenix dactylifera L) Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Date (phoenix dactylifera L) - Research Paper Example A single bunch of date palms that weighs about 8 kg may contain as many as 1000 dates. â€Å"The dried fruit is more than 50% sugar by weight and contains about 2% each of protein, fat and mineral water† (online-family-doctor.com, n.d.). Date palm belongs to the Phoenix dactylifera tree in the palm family. The mt genome of P. dactylifera shows a variety of unique traits as it happens to be the first of the family plants of palm. It not only positions at the known monocot mt genomes’ roots, but also has a significantly low repeat content level while it exhibits the RNA editing events in abundance. Date palm shows â€Å"a high level of chloroplast sequence insertions as compared to other known angiosperm mt genomes† (Fang et al., 2012, p. 9). There is no objective record of the exact location where and time when the date palm originated as this information is believed to have been lost in antiquity, yet there are many records that suggest the cultivation of date palm in 4000 B.C. as the date palm was employed in the construction of the moon god’s temple in the Southern Iraq, Mesopotamia. Another proof of the antiquity of this fruit is the Nile Valley in Egypt where the date palm was adopted to symbolize a year in the Egyptian hieroglyphics whereas the frond of the date palm was used as a month’s symbol. â€Å"[This information] is confirmed by history, and corroborated by the archaeological research into ancient historical remains of the Sumerians, Akadians and Babylonians†¦Houses of these very ancient people were roofed with palm tree trunks and fronds. The uses of date for medicinal purposes, in addition to its food value, were also documented† (Zaid and Wet, n.d.). Date palms are believed to originate in Babel, Iraq, though there are also evidences of its origination in Harqan, and Dareen. Date is one of the most nutritious and delicious fruits that have been

Is the institutionalisation of social movements inevitably Essay

Is the institutionalisation of social movements inevitably emasculating - Essay Example These movements make demands through various means like lobbying, protesting and other campaigns. This is in contrast with the historic system of overthrows whereby people, mainly men, with dissatisfaction with a given regime, used various means to either overthrow the entire government or military cessations that led to a complete revolution and change in the nation. This paper examines whether the institutionalisation of social movements are emasculating or not. Hence, this research paper will examine the following research question: whether the institutionalisation of social movements is inevitably emasculating or not. To this end, the paper critiques various theories and concepts of social movements and its impact. The paper will draw on contemporary and historical examples in order to critique the topic in order to synthesise different concepts and theories to draw conclusions on the fundamental research question. In previous times, protest groups were seen to be an affront to the nation and to the authorities of the state (Marx, 1974). Therefore, the governments, police and authorities in these different nations and communities used informants to spy on these protest groups in order to get inside information about these protesters in order to make arrests (Marx, 1974) . Examples of these situations and phenomenon include totalitarian regimes like Tsarist Russia, the Soviet Union, North Korea and other nations. These countries used various approaches and means to gain information and feedback about protest groups. However, in the West today and in most parts of the world which are democratic, the attitudes and approaches to protests are different. Save for a few countries like Egypt and North Korea today, most countries are nations with freedom of speech and the right to free association. Nations like the United States and the United Kingdom have also come a long way. And the previous system of viewing

Lead like Jesus Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Lead like Jesus - Essay Example It is a journey of patience, perseverance, and dedication. Leaders must be able to activate change in behavior which was achieved by Jesus in his disciple. Transformational leadership involves influencing the behavior of others and ensuring that they achieve greatness or objectives they need to achieve. The actions of Jesus reveal servant leadership that involves doing what he wants the follower to undertake (Blanchard and Hodges 6). Change in behavior is an action of motivation and the development of personal drive which influence personality development. The leadership depicted by Jesus covered all aspects of effective leadership including motivation, guidance, and the setting a role model for the mentors to follow and achieve success. In the talks and teaching of Jesus, the followers learnt of his objective, mission and role in the world and depicting to the learners the main reasons for the change. In spite of the challenges, role model leadership depicted by Jesus surpassed the current leadership strategies because of the involvement in the activities directly (Blanchard and Hodges 6). Therefore, the leadership of Jesus influenced the followers and enabled them to develop and become effective leaders as depicted in the

Letter Annotated Bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Letter - Annotated Bibliography Example Such, we would like to know if it would be possible for your company to deliver those microwave ovens by August 15. We intend to order by quantity. Since we are operating on a budget, we would be particularly interested if you can give discounts if we order in bulk. Please send us a quotation of your discounted price for us to seriously consider. We would also like to know the specification of your microwave ovens to determine it ease of use. We hope that you will respond to our inquiry as soon as possible because we have to decide soon which seller we would order our microwave oven requirements. The information you will provide us will tremendously help us in considering your company with our requirement for microwave ovens. As our valuable client, we would like to inform you that we took the initiative to update your ledger so that it would reflect the correct transactions of your company. As an accounting firm, we understand how important it is to have a correct accounting record because the figures in your books will be used by your company in its decision making. The necessary adjustment in your company’s ledger however was not part of the quotation that Accountants For All had quoted for this year’s services. The service, although it required manual review and adjustment of the receipts and ledger, cost only $500 which will be added to the previously quoted amount for this year’s tax services. We hope that you understand the necessity why we have to manually adjust your ledger. As a valuable client, we would like to ensure that your books are correct and updated. Such, we took the initiative of proactively updating it before any issue would

American Literture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

American Literture - Essay Example His dreams and activism of social and political changes reached crescendo with the composing in 1963 of When The Ship Comes In. It is an allegorical, metaphorical poetic anthem for those pushing for reforms and the establishment of a new generation and utopian state i.e. the arriving ship, where â€Å"the sun will respect every face on the deck† and where â€Å"the winds will stop† and â€Å"where the rocks will proudly stand†. In this new promised land, â€Å"the fishes will laugh† and â€Å"the seagulls, they’ll be smiling† because â€Å"the chains of the sea†¦..will be buried at the bottom of the ocean†. But Dylan cautioned that this can only be achieved through herculean efforts that involve drowning in the tide â€Å"Pharaoh’s tribe† and ‘conquering Goliath’. These biblical imageries in the conclusive verses unmask Dylan as a zealous, vindictive, self-righteous and petulant activist who waits for th e day when evil will be violently purged and the chosen people triumphs and be unqualifiedly liberated from the clutches of the oppressors and the unjust through bloody means (Varesi 35). These not only prove Dylan’s biblical influence but also that of Brecht and Weill’s song â€Å"The Black freighter† where Pirate Jenny was consumed with Bop Dylan is an advocate of change. In his Masters of War, Dylan made an indictment of America’s war policies and its military-industrial complex. The Times They Are A-Changing is an indictment of social injustice. Dylan is clearly a child of the 60’s, an age of radicalization and social and political protests especially war protests, an age of intellectual ferment wherein civil rights and liberties were promoted by blacks, women, gays and whoever else. That was the age of counterculture when the American value system was widely rejected especially in college campuses. There is a

How a Simple Gesture of Courtesy Can Change Humanity Essay Example for Free

How a Simple Gesture of Courtesy Can Change Humanity Essay Basically, Courtesy is simply defined as showing of politeness towards other people. However, if you think about it further, this word means so much more as it can make huge changes in our lives, our nation, and the entire humanity. Nowadays, it is quite significant that we show kindness to other people, not just the ones we personally get to be acquainted with but especially those individuals we don’t know. Being civil towards each other only means that we respect each other’s opinions, way of thinking, and actions. We all know that each and every one of us are uniquely created and we have to understand those differences because we can all grow and learn from each other if we only take the time to make realizations out of these everyday actions. One good paradigm is our school community here at LPU in Manila. We have to face the reality that there can be times when we cannot contain ourselves from making a fuss out of class misunderstanding with our professors/classmates; or the never ending school violations that we get from the school guards; waiting in queue for long lines during enrollment, paying for our school fees, or merely waiting for our turn to be served food at the cafeteria; and asking for some mercy from our terror professors who finds it rather fun to see us having a difficult time accomplishing their subject requirements. These are those â€Å"some things† that can make our temper soar rocket high. At one point, before making not-so-good reactions, have we asked ourselves about how we should deal with all these? Have we thought of showing courtesy even if we feel that we’re being violated of our rights on those sometimes? I personally think that showing act of politeness can turn dreadful situations into something better. We can define ourselves with how we usually act when no one is watching. Good thoughts toward others are very important not because it can make you look excellent and ideal, but it can personally and eventually professionally hone you into a good citizen of this country. Showing that you appreciate your professors through studying well on their class can make them feel that they’re doing their jobs precisely. If we take a closer look at how these educators passionately share their knowledge with us, we’ll all realize that their profession is priceless. We should know the fact that they serve as our second parents and we must give them equal respect that we give our real ones. As a student of this university, I would have to say that courtesy doesn’t just end with showing acts of politeness and kindness inside the school premises. We should exhibit courtesy everywhere we go and with whomever we meet. Our real lives actually start when we leave school and face the sometimes unfair and harsh reality of the world. I know for sure that if we only give out courtesy not just from our minds but also from our hearts, we can change this country’s state and become one of the best from around the globe. We cannot just leave our country’s success to the government. Because again, courtesy plays a huge part into making a country stand out. Being a good citizen is not about becoming a politician that can guide this country and its people. We can be our simple selves and yet make a huge difference by doing our part. We can show courteousness through abiding law; helping out other Filipinos; supporting our government’s projects; having a warm heart for less fortunate; sharing our knowledge through hard work; and being honest, just and fair. Filipinos are known to be hard working, respectful, kind, and humble. If we keep on improving not just because we want to be successful but also to become better persons each day, the whole world can perceive how simple courtesy can make everything better. The whole world needs courtesy just like it needs love. Courteousness is one of the significant factors that can make an individual, a nation, and humanity exceptional. Courtesy starts with us. It is given and should not be asked for.

Design an Encryption Strategy Essay Example for Free

Design an Encryption Strategy Essay Using the table given the encryption strategy for Richmond investments would go as follows. I will be using the privacy or confidentiality objective. The basic description for the privacy or confidentiality objective is to keep information secret from all person or persons, except those who are authorized to see it have access. In other words, no one without authorization will be able to gain access to sensitive company information or client information, such as addresses, names, billing information, credit card information, and other personal information. The security option needs to be implemented on all networks in the company’s domain. The public key infrastructure is a set of hardware, software people policies and procedures needed to create, manage, distribute use store and revoke digital certificates. In this case will be using PKI cards, which will allow entrance into the facility, it will also allow entrance into specific areas of the building, allow employees to clock in and out and will allow for signing off and on of company computers. All employees will be issued a card with their name employee ID and photo on the face the card on the backside of the card will be company contact information such as departmental phone numbers, etc. the implementation of a company encryption strategy is extremely important to protect the company. The company’s clients and the overall day-to-day activities, the employees involved themselves in to keep the company running.

Design Of Enterprise It Solution Big Bazaar Information Technology Essay

Design Of Enterprise It Solution Big Bazaar Information Technology Essay Big Bazaar is a chain of hypermarkets in India, with more than 100 stores in operation. It is a subsidiary of Future Group Venture Ltds, and follows the business model of United States-based Wal-Mart. Big Bazaar, is the chain of retail stores of the big banner Pantaloon Retail (India) Ltd., which in turn is a segment of the Kishore Biyani, regulated Future Group of Companies. Moreover the customer friendly ambiance and the organized retailing of products also make Big Bazaar one of the successful retail companies in India. 1. Big Bazaar: Overview Big Bazaar hypermarket is offering a huge array of goods of good quality for all at affordable prices. Big Bazaar has no doubt made a big name in the retail industry of India, moreover shopping here is further made a memorable experience with the varied rates of discounts on products as well as discount vouchers available in a variety of amounts, like INR 2000, INR 3000, INR 4000, INR 5000 and INR 10000 on all Big Bazaar products and accessories. 1.1 Product range in Big Bazaar This large format store comprises of almost everything required by people from different income groups. The added advantage for the customers shopping in Big Bazaar is that there are all time discounts and promotional offers going on in the Big Bazaar on its saleable products. 1.2 Significant Features of Big Bazaar Shopping in the Big Bazaar is a great experience as one can find almost everything under the same roof. It has different features which caters all the needs of the shoppers. Some of the significant features of Big Bazaar are: 1.3 Big Bazaar- Objective In this new era, design is helping companies to sell differentiated experiences and solutions that connect with the consumers emotions. Its not just the matter of selling products and services nor just completing transactions in the need to achieve targets. Every customer is an opportunity to build a relationship and invite the customer to become a part of the new transformational scenario. Design management is helping us position the customer at the centre of every decision we take and also operate with true entrepreneurial spirit. 1.4 Big Bazaar- Target customers Big Bazaar targets higher and upper middle class customers because there has been growth in Indian middle class that has so far been used to buying apparel and groceries from small and cluttered unorganised shops is fast realizing the joys of visiting malls that have redefined the freedom to shop and entertain. Such malls are the new temples of leisure and weekend entertainment. 1.5 Food Bazaar Food Bazaar (Future Group) is a Private Sector Organisation that offers services in Retail with Annual Total Turnover of 250-500 Crores and with Employee Strength of 501-1000. 2. Vision and Mission 2.1 Vision Future Group shall deliver everything, everywhere, every time for every Indian Consumer the most profitable manner. 2.2 Mission We share the vision and belief that our customers and stakeholders shall be served only by creating and executing future scenarios in the consumption space leading to economic development. We will be trendsetters in the evolving delivery format, creating retail realty, making consumption affordable for all customer segments- for classes and masses. We shall infuse Indian brands with confidence and renewed ambition. We shall be efficient and cost conscious and committed to quality in whatever we do. We shall ensure that our positive attitude, sincerity, humility and united determination shall be the driving force to make us successful. 3. Organisation Chart 4. EXISTING ARCHITECTURE of IT System(Hardware) The company maintains a 3 tier architecture. Figure 1 Source: www.cardisoft.eu 4.1 Client: The client represents the face of IS, through which data relating to various retail operations could be keyed in and data stored in database can be extracted. It constituted the Terminals at the counters. 4.2 Application Server: The middle tier will comprise of clustered servers also called transaction servers, as they facilitate transactions taking place in the big bazaar. This is essential for the system to handle high workloads, especially during peak hours. The middle tier will serve as an interface between the clients and the database. The application server runs on a Dell Server. 4.3 Database Server: The database server will receive and process queries received from the middle tier transaction servers. All the data will be stored in this database server. The database server is located in Mumbai. The system runs on a HP Super dome server on HP UNIX 11i and the database is from Oracle. 4.4 Inventory management: For this bar-coding is used. Around 80 bar-coding machines are used in Calicut Big bazaar branch. 4.5 Personnel management: For this attendance swapping machines are in place to keep track of in and out time of employees. Also an IT system, called the PECK system, is used for automatic ordering of items whose stock goes below a minimum prescribed level. The reorder level depends on the Minimum Base Quantity (MBQ). Suppose, MBQ = 10 Reorder level = 5 Now, whenever the quantity of this item in stock goes below 5, an automatic purchase order is sent to the centralised warehouse. 5. ANALYSIS OF THE EXISTING IT INFRASTRUCTURE 5.1 SAP ERP (R/3) The SAP ERP application is an integrated enterprise resource planning (ERP) software manufactured by SAP AG that targets business software requirements of midsize and large organizations in all industries and sectors. It allows for open communication within and between all company functions for Big Bazaar. With the advent of distributed client-server computing SAP AG brought out a client-server version of the software called SAP R/3 (The R was for Real-time data processing and 3 was for 3-tier). This new architecture is compatible with multiple platforms and operating systems, such as Microsoft Windows or UNIX. This opened up SAP to a whole new customer base like retail market such as Big Bazaar. SAP R/3 was arranged into distinct functional modules, covering the typical functions in place in an organization. The most widely used modules were Financials and Controlling (FICO), Human Resources (HR), Materials Management (MM), Sales Distribution (SD), and Production Planning (PP). Each module handles specific business tasks on its own, but is linked to the others where applicable. For example, an invoice from the billing transaction of Sales Distribution of Big Bazaar would pass through to accounting, where it will appear in accounts receivable and cost of goods sold. 5.2 Technology of SAP ERP(R/3) SAP based the architecture of R/3 on a three-tier client/server as stated above in infrastructure. Client Server Application Server Database Server 5.2.1 Client Server The Client server is actually a program named sapgui.exe. It is usually installed on a users workstation. To start it, the user double-clicks on an icon on the desktop or chooses a menu path. When started, the presentation server displays the R/3 menus within a window. This window is commonly known as the SAPGUI, or the user interface (or simply, the interface). The interface accepts input from the user in the form of keystrokes, mouse-clicks, and function keys, and sends these requests to the application server to be processed. The application server sends the results back to the SAPGUI which then formats the output for display to the user. 5.2.2 Application Server An application server is a collection of executable s that collectively interprets the ABAP/4 (Advanced Business Application Programming / 4th Generation) programs and manages the input and output for them. When an application server is started, these executable s all start at the same time. When an application server is stopped, they all shut down together. The number of processes that start up when you bring up the application server is defined in a single configuration file called the application server profile. Each application server has a profile that specifies its characteristics when it starts up and while it is running. For example, an application server profile specifies number of processes and their types, amount of memory each process may use, length of time a user is inactive before being automatically logged off. The Application layer consists of one or more application servers and a message server. Each application server contains a set of services used to run the R/3 system. Not practical, only one application server is needed to run an R/3 system. But in practice, the services are distributed across more than one application server. This means that not all application servers will provide the full range of services. The message server is responsible for communication between the application servers. It passes requests from one application server to another within the system. It also contains information about application server groups and the current load balancing within them. It uses this information to choose an appropriate server when a user logs onto the system. The application server exists to interpret ABAP/4 programs, and they only run there-the programs do not run on the presentation server. An ABAP/4 program can start an executable on the presentation server, but an ABAP/4 program cannot execute there. If your ABAP/4 program requests information from the database, the application server will format the request and send it to the database server.cvb. 5.2.3 Database Server The database server handles the users request for addition, retrieval and modifications in the data. The system runs on a HP Super dome server on HP UNIX 11i and the database is from Oracle. It is located in Mumbai and centrally stores data for each Big Bazaar in these small cities. 5.3 Implementation of SAP ERP SAP ERP in Big Bazaar consists of several modules including: utilities for marketing and sales, field service, product design and development, production and inventory control, human resources, finance and accounting. SAP ERP collects and combines data from the separate modules to provide the Big Bazaar with enterprise resource planning. Although there can be major benefits for Big Bazaar of SAP ERP, the implementation and training costs are expensive. It has overcome with problems when implementing SAP ERP software, such as: failing to specify their operation objectives, absence of a strong commitment or positive approach to change, failing to deal with organizational differences, failing to plan the change to SAP ERP properly, inadequate testing. All these factors which cause unsuccessful implementation of SAP ERP didnt affect in Big Bazaar and it came successfully in overcoming them. SAP ERP is implemented correctly in BIG BAZAAR due to which it has gone from its old calculations system to a fully integrated software package. Potential benefits that it had gained from it are efficient business process, inventory reduction, and lead time reduction. An integral part of the implemented IT infrastructure is the SAP Enterprise Resource planning system. The package has a range of functions and provides a range of benefits to the company in the following areas: 5.3.1 Billing System The company has successfully implemented an ERP system with a comprehensive set of accounting applications. This helps in integrating the cost, profit, and revenue information of sales that are made, and presents in a granular way. The system is a very robust one that has failed only once in the past 3 years. 5.3.2 Inventory Replenishment Inventory management is a very critical function for a store like Big Bazaar that deals with a variety of products involving wide categories like FMCG, Staple items, fruits, vegetables, footwear, etc. All these different products required different levels of inventory. A dating structure is set up based on the past data for each data which allows the company to be informed of when their inventory should be updated. This is important, because it allows the company to keep close track of their stock and helps maintain communication simple between different units of the supply chain management 5.3.3 Order Tracking On the business side ERP is useful in order tracking. When the company receives orders for a product, being able to properly track the orders allows the company to get detailed information on their customers and marketing strategies. If different software packages are being used, this data may not be consistent. 5.3.4 Customer Relationship Management ERP is highly useful in Customer Relationship Management as it helps in providing the best customer services by immediately attending the customer queries and with timely delivery of products. All customer delays have been effectively removed by the implementation of the ERP system as it aids in resolving the customer payments well before the scheduled deadline. 6. Why Outsourcing? The reasons which drove Big Bazaar to outsource to Wipro Technologies are: Big Bazaar is a fully centralized system in integration with the Mumbai Head office. The payment of all the stakeholders are been done through Mumbai branch. A message is triggered to the Mumbai Head Office the instant the inventory level falls below a minimum prescribed level; the optimum quantity is being supplied to maintain the Maximum Base Quantity (MBQ). To maintain this dynamism across all the outlets and to gain the benefits of volume discount, a sophisticated IT system is required. The core competency of the Big Bazaar is in retailing and this application system is a support-oriented information resource management (as in Mac Farlans Strategic Grid). Hence, outsourcing was a viable option for Big Bazaar on account of the following reasons: Access to higher professionalism Risk of inappropriate IT architecture is reduced. Maintenance of skilled staffs is not needed and the management can concentrate on the core business activities. Subscribing is relative cheaper compared to purchasing a new technology. In addition, outsourced vendor would upgrade to new technology as and when needed. 7. Vendor Selection Process Big Bazaar was diligently involved in the selection of the vendors to outsource. The steps it took to finalize the vendor were as follows: They identified the requirements (functional and non-functional) and prepared an exhaustive list of the vendors software available in the market. 2. They narrowed down the list of vendors based on the non-functional requirements. The list included Wipro, Infosys, Patni Computers, TCS, etc. 3. They sent the Request of proposal (RFP) to the prospective vendors asking for information relevant to their service capabilities across a spectrum that includes financial, technical, and operational information. 4. Based on the responses of the vendors, they selected WIPRO for outsourcing. 8. Advantages Disadvantages of Existing IT Structure 8.1 Advantages The advantages of such an infrastructure can be concluded as follows: Scalability The architecture deployed currently has been modelled to facilitate the scale of operation of the company. For instance the application servers can be deployed on many machines. Also, the database no longer requires a connection from every client it only requires connections from a smaller number of application servers. In addition, many Transaction Processing Monitors could be used to balance loads and dynamically manage the number of application server(s) available. Better Reuse A replication of the same logic can be initiated from many clients or applications. Since the method of operation is standardized across all the outlets so a mechanism which can be replicated at less cost, reduces complexity and leads to optimum utilization of the resources. Improved Security Implementation of security mechanisms at multiple levels (not just the database) improves the security level. Security can be granted on a service-by-service basis. The placement on a very secure central server makes the business logic more secure. Reduced Distribution Any new policy changes like discount offers and other incentives can be easily incorporated to the complete business logic by simply updating a few application servers and do not have to be implemented individually across all the clients. Improved Availability The operations associated with the organization require the system to support numerous transactions, at the time of high sales. Such situations make use of redundant application servers and redundant database servers. Thus, it is possible to architect an application which can recover from network or server failures. Hidden Database Structure In order to facilitate the simultaneous transparent database changes, the actual structure of the database is hidden from the caller. Hence, it is possible that a service in the middle tier that exchanges information/data with other applications could retain its original interface while the underlying database structure was enhanced during a new application release. 8.2 Disadvantages Along with the advantages of the IT Infrastructure, some disadvantages also exist: Inventory management Systems inefficacy often leads to problems: Big bazaars inventory management inventory, centrally connected to its head office, has often led Big Bazaar into big troubles including recent example of Sabse Sasta Din (On the eve of Republic Day) where many of its stores had to shut after overwhelming demand and insufficient inventory. This failure in inventory management caused Big Bazaar huge revenue loss as well as bad publicity. Centrally managed system has its disadvantage too. The staff at its outlet has negligible knowledge of its IT infrastructure details. They generally lack the skills to treat the problems at their own. As all the control lies with Mumbai head office, thus in case any problem arises in system, either the store manager has to take help from its outsourcing partner or Head office IT team. The time delay in the procedure often cost it a substantial amount of business. Big Bazaar IT infrastructure lags as compare to its global competitors (who are set to enter Indian Markets) in terms of effectiveness of its Data Mining system. The data mining system enables the retailer to critically analyze and select its consumer segments and its specific needs and thus coming up with schemes to target them. Although existing customer billing system is very robust (failed only once in last 3 years: Kozhikode outlet), it often turns into bottleneck leading to longer queues and thus increased service time. The problem becomes worse during peak customer hours and the system proves to be Achilles heel during above estimated demands (recently in Sabse Sasta Din offer; 26 Jan 2011). 9. Security at Big Bazaar IT System In recent years, the retail sector has become the targets of spear phishermen, a particularly devious and hard to detect targeted attack, according to the cyber security firm Message Labs Intelligence. In a targeted attack, cybercriminals go after only a few individuals within a particular company in the hopes of compromising the individuals machine and gaining access to sensitive data, intellectual property, or confidential internal systems. IP surveillance and automation is very difficult in retail sector, hence most retailers take other measures to ensure a secure network like backups of all application data, operating system, databases and files were taken on a daily basis onto tape drives and even on disk. All the backup media was stored offsite on a daily basis. Weekly and monthly backup tapes are stored at remote locations. If the OS or application software conks off, data can be restored by reinstalling the concerned software and retrieving the latest data backup. IT Security in Big Bazaar Currently 10. Business Process Model The business process model elaborates the individual processes involved in servicing the customer and the areas where IT plays an integral role in servicing the customer. Fig: Business Process Model of Big Bazaar The key processes involved in the completion of a transaction at Big Bazaar could be described as follows: The customer selects an item to buy The customer places the order The order is then processed when the customer makes the payment If the payment is correct then the inventory level of the corresponding item is reduced by one and the transaction is complete However if the payment is not correct then the customer is intimated regarding the problem. If the customer still wishes to complete the transaction then he pays the appropriate amount else he decides to cancel the order if he does not have enough cash at disposal After the inventory level is reduced by one, it is checked if the current inventory level is critical If the inventory level is not critical then the transaction can be considered to be totally complete and the system is prepared for the next transaction. However, if the inventory level is critical i.e. based on the MBQ system, an automatic reorder procedure is activated This involves sending out a request for invoice order and another one for shipping order Once the invoice data is validated with the accounts department, the invoice is raised and forwarded Once the invoice order is complete, the items are packed and then shipped from the suppliers to the warehouse which stores the inventory Once the inventory has been received at the warehouse, the inventory level is updated From the above description it can be observed that IT plays a crucial role in three key areas namely Payment Processing, Inventory Management and Managing accounting information. Payment processing software records the payments received from the customers and keeps track of the sales amount generated on a day to day basis to understand the customer behaviour. The role of IT in Inventory management is critical in ensuring automatic replenishment of the inventory whenever the quantity goes below the critical level. Finally the accounting system has to make sure that all the goods received and the invoices generated are in correspondence and to detect and prevent anomalies that might arise out of errors committed both intentionally and unintentionally into ballooning into a huge problem for the company. It is important that the above systems are properly in place for the efficient functioning of the day to day business activities. 11. Logical Design of Big Bazaar In the logical diagram various processes are shown with the help of entities and their attributes. Various entities that are used in Big Bazaar are so linked with each other. Fig: Logical Diagram of Big Bazaar Following is the brief introduction about each entity and its attribute: HO Site: it is central point in the database unit, which controls all the departments. It controls various operations like maintaining inventory, organizing suppliers, and giving salaries to employees and billing to the customers. HO Employee: It defines the employees who will operate the HO site. They can make changes in the database of the product, and can even define new levels of cut off points for both inventory and shelf. Employee: It defines all the employees working in various departments. This entity will be accountable for their salaries, their performance, their timings and their attendance. All the incentives will be decided after seeing the performance graph of the employee, which will be generated through the DBMS. Product: This entity will define all the information about the product. It will tell the cost of the product, its unique ID code, its supplier, its self life. Supplier: As there are too many suppliers in the market who will be supplying their products to big bazaar. This entity will help to maintain their database. It will tell about the supplier name, location, product supplied by him, and about billing of the supply. Purchase rec.: This will tell about the purchase record of a particular product by the customer. It will tell the name of customer who purchased the product, date of purchasing, quantity purchased etc. Customer: The end point of the business is customer. To create the database of the valuable customers, you should know name, address, and product in what quantity they purchase. Inventory: It is the store where all the products are placed before bringing them to the shelf. The supplies directly come to the inventory. 12. Use Case Diagram The major actors in this use case diagram are: Customer Kozhikode branch employee Mumbai Head office employee Supplier The customer selects the goods he wants to buy and goes to the counter where the customer pays the amount. The employee at the counter enters the data in the database which is updated on the continuous basis. This database in turn is connected to the Mumbai database. Thus the entry made by the Kozhikode employee gives the inventory, sales etc status of the Kozhikode branch to the head office. Next, Mumbai head office checks the inventory level of the stock and if found to be below minimum base quantity level, then order is placed to the supplier regarding the same. The suppliers get the order request from the head office through the centrally connected database. All other functions of the Kozhikode branch are carried out in a similar manner. Fig: Use Case Diagram 13. Module distribution Diagram of Big Bazaar The value chain across which Big Bazaar operates is as shown below. First the vendor selection takes place. Than the centralized planning and merchandising is done for each of these stores according to the demand. Then the procurement of the goods takes place according to the forecast and plan. The goods are then distributed to each of the city branches. Then it is sold to the customers where the value chain is completed. We can divide these into four different categories. They are Planning, Store management, Buying and Supply Chain. For planning the modules of SAP used are supply Chain Management, Production Planning and Sales and Distribution. For store management Customer Relationship management, Sales and Distribution Management, Material Management and Customer Service modules are used. For Buying Supplier Relationship management and Material management modules are used. And for supply chain activities Sales and distribution, Logistics and Logistics Execution modules are used. Fig: Module Distribution Diagram of Big Bazaar 14. Scope of Improvement Despite the various advantages that IT infrastructure has bestowed on Big Bazaar, there is still a varied scope of improvement that the organization can employ: Big Bazaar can update the technology system by implementing WMS with RFID, Customer intelligence and CRM, Inventory and Promotions Optimization. On account of the heavy rush on the weekends and the festival season, the available number of terminals is unable to meet the demand quickly. Hence, the customers have to wait in queue for longer period. However, there are certain floors wherein the terminals are idle as the demand for those items are not that high. Hence, the firm can decide to exchange the location of computers from less used areas to highly used ones. 15. Recommendations 15.1 Improving Warehouse Management by strategic use of IT Big Bazaar faces many challenges. Not only it has to manage and coordinate a large number of local, regional, across complex supply chains but also the customers demand an increasingly large variety of products and faster deliveries, which often means that it has to hold smaller quantities of a larger range of SKUs. To satisfy customer demands and execute on its business strategies, you need a complete and accurate picture of where inventory is deployed and of its movement across the supply chain network. At the same time, you need to keep supply chain costs low, especially given fuel costs. Optimizing transportation management and synchronizing it with warehousing plans to meet fluctuating customer demands and store needs -is essential to competing successfully when margins are tight. Warehouse management can be further refined by the application of RFID technology. RFID will help Big Bazaar to align and optimize its task execution -which will include its loading time, sequence, and use of staging areas and bays with the supply chain events that occur outside of the warehouse. This use of technology can be easily integrated with the SAP Supply Chain Management (SAP SCM) application, which provides an integrated supply chain solution. In the long run it will provide the necessary visibility and control needed to optimize logistical execution for competitive advantage. There is a lot of scope for improvement in warehouse management. The direct tangible benefits that Big Bazaar will accrue are with the following components: Re-Defining a Complete Warehousing Plan- Optimizing warehousing as part of a demand-driven supply chain model, with a comprehensive plan to manage activities every step of the way. Order Management Integration of the new SAP EWM with existing SAP ERP for comprehensive order management. Warehouse Planning and Inventory Tracking and Tracing Once you define the high-level plan, you can focus on optimizing activities within each supply chain location. Support for cross-docking enables a direct flow from goods receipt to goods issue. The application also supports the tracking and tracing of inventory down to granular levels of detail -information needed to initiate recalls. RFID technology makes these tasks more efficient and ensures accuracy. Material Flow System SAP EWM offers complete material flow control without additional software allowing all programmable logic controllers to be connected to SAP EWM via remote function call (RFC) adaptors. To help ensure that goods keep moving inside the warehouse and to avoid unnecessary (and costly) manual intervention, the system offers high performance. That level helps ensure that a carton can be scanned, compared to the expected size and weight, and have a determination made about where it should be sent in less than a second. Tracking and Management of Warehouse Activities SAP EWM provides enhanced monitoring features for tracking and managing warehouse activities. A warehouse cockpit provides an overview of key processes, costs, schedules, and value added services. This real-time visibility helps you manage daily operations and optimize the use of labour. You can plan ahead for upcoming activities, assign resources to tasks, and identify ways to minimize time per process step or eliminate steps. With SAP Extended Warehouse Management and RFID Technology application, Bi

My Teaching Philosophy Essay -- Teachers Education Progressivism Essay

My Teaching Philosophy If someone would have asked me one or two years ago what I wanted to do with my life, I would have said, â€Å"I have no clue, but I do know that I will never teach!† I have had that sentiment for as long as I can remember. But this year, I had to decide on a major. I looked at all the possibilities offered to me at Concord College and realized that education was the only one that suited me. I was still not sure if I wanted to pursue a career in education, but it at least gave me some classes to take. Throughout the spring semester I have been able to learn about the teaching profession and observe teachers in action. Add this to the past experiences I have had with teachers and school and I realized that teaching might not be that bad of an idea. To be a teacher is to be a life changer. In today’s society children are not give the best role models outside of home and sometimes even the ones at home are not up to par. Children are bombarded every day with images of violence, sex, drugs, and hatred. In a lot of cases what you see is what you get. Teachers today have a very unique role in the lives of their students. Either they can sit back and watch the children do as they please, or they can do something and help the child get the proper training needed for a successful adult life. True, most teachers are not going to teach a subject in which the students need to make life altering decisions, but a good teacher will help lay the groundwork needed for that child to make such decisions in their future. There is no question to me that teachers are life changers. It happens too often that a teacher has to talk a student out of something terrible. The subject that the teacher will teach ... ...n to better myself in this profession. Even with the PhD. I would still like to teach in public schools because I have a passion for sports and coaching. I plan on coaching at some level in the public school system. If for some reason that does not work, I would love to someday be a professor of history at a college or university. I want to be a teacher to change the lives of children. I want to be a good role model for the students I teach. I hope that the material they get from my teaching will help them in their lives at some point in the future. The most important job in the world besides being a parent is not the president of the United States, or the president of a major cooperation, it is a teacher. Single handedly these people shape the lives of the presidents, lawyers, doctors, etc. If it were not for teachers, there would not be anyone else.

Essay --

As of September 2012, the number of states and school districts requiring online courses for high school graduation has increased, as states seek to teach students how to manage in an increasingly digital world. In April 2006, Michigan became the first state to require online learning as a requirement for high school graduation. Since that time Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, and Virginia have legislated requirements. Georgia, New Mexico, and West Virginia recommend students experience an online learning course before graduating from high school; however, it is not required. Arizona, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Michigan, Minnesota, and Utah allow students to choose online courses from multiple accredited online providers. Some local school boards in districts across the country have promoted similar graduation requirements, including Marietta City Schools in Georgia, Memphis City Schools and Putnam County Schools in Tennessee, and the Kenosha and Cedarburg School Districts in Wisconsin. Education leaders in these states and districts believe that requiring online courses as a requirement for graduation is a necessary step toward becoming college and/or career ready, because when a student graduates from high school, whether choosing a two-year or four-year college, or entering the workforce, there is the likelihood of taking an online course. According to the Education Commission of the States, most virtual offerings are at the high school level. Students taking individual online courses are much more common than are students attending fully-virtual secondary institutions. According to Market Data Retrieval, 15% of American high schools provide online courses; some states, districts and universities host virtual high schools. In O... ...chools and parish-based Catechism courses. Catholic Online Education Providers Edified Online partners with Catholic schools worldwide to provide online education resources and course offerings that exceed national standards and expectations. Edified has more than 80 online courses available for grades 6-12, including College Board certified AP courses. Edified Online is endorsed by the NCEA. Catholic Schools K12 Virtual is an online school comprised of resources, academic, elective and religion classes for Catholic school students. Working with a number of experts in the field of online education, Catholic Schools K12 Virtual has developed a two tiered model for online education; the virtual class and the digital classroom, blending traditional education and online learning. Costs for an online course, depending on its length, range from $300 to $700 per course.

Ways Of Selecting Romantic Par :: essays research papers

Ways of selecting romantic partners There has always been a belief that men and women differ in their ways of selecting romantic partners in terms of characteristics in their mates. For example, men have always been perceived to place more importance in size of breasts in women. Likewise, women have been perceived to place more importance on height of the men they are interested in and their build. This study is to find out whether these social stigmas are true in a typical large college campus dealing with subjects that are around the age of 18~19 years. Surveys were used to have the subjects rate the importance of characteristics of men and women that are typically looked at when either sex are looking for romantic partners. The research in question is, ';Gender Differences in Selecting Romantic Partners.'; There were previous researches and surveys done on this subject. There are five such studies that best relate to the research topic. The first appeared in Sex Roles. The article was titled 'Sex Differences in Factors of Romantic Attraction.'; The second appeared in Psychological Reports and was titled, 'Men's Preferences in Romantic Partners: Obesity vs. Addiction.'; The third appeared in College Student Journal and was titled, 'College Students' Homogamous Preferences for a Date and Mate.'; The fourth appeared in Sex Roles titled, 'Pursuit of Nontraditional Occupations: Fear of Success or Fear of Not Being Chosen?'; The last article appeared in Psychological Bulletin titled, 'Gender Differences in Mate Selection Preferences: A Test of the Parental Investment Model.'; The first article, 'Sex Differences in Factors of Romantic Attraction'; was written by Jeffrey S. Nevid. His studies method included an anonymous survey in a college classroom consisting of only heterosexual males and females around the age of 19 to 22 years. The author wanted to see if the popular belief of males placing such physical aspects such as breast size and buttocks size influenced their choice of romantic and sexual partners. He also included females in his studies. In his survey, many physical attributes were presented and the numbers showed that when choosing sexual partners, both men choosing romantic partners, personal characteristics were given more importance than physical. The second article, 'Men's Preferences in Romantic Partners: Obesity vs. Addiction'; was written by Sarah Sitton and Sharon Blanghard. The studies conducted by the two women were done using classified ads. The study was done to compare how

Altruism Essay

The statement â€Å"People never intentionally act to benefit others except only to obtain some good for themselves† is often described as Altruism or an Altruistic act. This statement is not entirely true. It is possible for someone to intentionally act to benefit others, but this is something that does not happen very often. There are multiple theories as to why people do and do not perform altruistic acts. If someone is a member of your family you are more likely to help a person in need, if you feel sympathetic towards someone you are likely to help a person in need or if it is a social norm you are likely to help them. If in a certain situation helping someone is not a social norm then you are less likely to help this person. Even if someone wanted to perform an altruistic act it is very difficult to do so in our society because we reward people who we perceive to be good, or to have done good things. If you perform an Altruistic act towards a member of your family would be acting within Hamilton’s kin selection theory (1960s). The kin selection theory which states that you are much more likely to perform an altruistic act if the person you are helping is a member of your family. An example of this is recently in Melbourne there was a wall collapse. Three people died as a result of this incident; a woman in her thirties and an eighteen and nineteen-year-old siblings, the older brother and his sister. The older woman died upon impact, as did the brother, but only after he shielded his sister from the collapsing wall. His sister also died later in hospital. (ABC News, 1st April 2013) This is an example of the kin selection theory. Instead of doing what benefited himself, he tried to save his sister, despite it having dire consequences. This would be considered an act of altruism as it did not benefit him, and in this case even had negative consequences, especially as his sister later died in hospital. Another reason people perform altruistic acts is out of sympathy. Sympathy is a natural feeling of concern for a person. Even if you can’t relate to the person you feel bad for them, or concerned for them. An example of someone feeling sympathetic is Julio Diaz, who when a mugger came up to him one night with a knife he handed over his wallet without complaint. When the mugger went to walk away he stopped him and offered him his coat as well, saying he didn’t want the mugger to get cold. He then continued to offer to buy the mugger dinner. (Huffington Post, 17th November 2011). Diaz obviously felt sympathy towards the mugger, or he wouldn’t have given over his wallet, jacket and paid for his dinner. Diaz ended up getting his wallet back from the boy who handed it over after they had eaten. Diaz felt sympathy towards the boy due to the fact that the boy had almost nothing, where as Diaz had enough money to comfortably live. Sympathy makes people feel like they have a moral obligation to help someone in need – the person they feel sympathetic towards. – Sometimes people help others because it is considered a social norm. An example of this is saying please and thank you. This is considered normal in most societies and it is often frowned upon if you don’t use these. A social norm is something people often take for granted and a lot of people are shocked when someone doesn’t follow what they consider to be normal. Another example of a social norm in our society is to wear clothes in public. If you were walking down the street and you say someone walking towards you naked you would not think this was normal. You would wonder why they were naked and often avoid walking to close to, making eye contact with, or speaking to this person. If you were in some traditional aboriginal culture you would wear nothing but animal skin, or even walk around naked. This is/was considered a social norm within that society. There are some internationally recognized social norms, like not engaging in cannibalism, and dressing modestly. While not all societies, past or present, follow these social norms most of the world does. There are also norms within society, religion and individual families. A social norm in our society is mate-ship, not letting down your friends, family, or community. There are plenty of social norms in religion, such as in Christianity it is not exactable to love someone of the same sex. This is an example of a social norm that is slowly changing over time, as do most social norms. It was a social norm in Britain in the 1800’s that you attended church, where as in 2002 only 18. 6% of people in the United Kingdom attended church regularly. (Tearfund report, 2007) This is an example of how social norms change over time, and what we consider to be social norms at the moment may not be considered normal in 40,50,60,70 or more years. These things cannot be considered an altruistic act because you would benefit poorly from not doing these things, so it is good for you to say please and thank you, bringing it back to the first example. There are also plenty of things people do not do to help others because it is considered outside of the social norms. If you saw a drunk person on the street you probably wouldn’t help them because society has shaped us to think that these people brought the state they are in on themselves, therefore it is not our problem to help them once they are in this situation. Social norms can be beneficial, but they can also detrimental. Another instance where helping someone is not considered an altruistic act is if the act is mutually beneficial. This can cover a range of things, from the benefit to you being a smile from someone, to a bravery award. If you see a child drowning and you swim out and save them and when you get back their mother says thank you and buys you an ice cream then you are benefiting, the ice cream being the benefit. If while trying to save this child you drown you do not benefit in anyway, and this even has a negative affect on you. This would be an act of altruism because there is no mutual benefit. A benefit for you may be something as small as a good feeling inside, or a smile, but these are benefits of saving the child, there for there is mutual benefit. You walk away with a good feeling and maybe an ice cream and the child walks away with his life. A real life example of this is Don Richie, who lived just across the road from one of Australia’s most notorious suicide locations. It is estimated that Richie saved more than 160 lives in his lifetime. He received the title of Australia’s local hero in 2011(ABC Radio, 14th May 2012). This is something he got out of stopping these people commit suicide. Despite the fact that he had no knowledge he was going to receive this award when he started saving people, because he received this award it is not an act of altruism. Some would argue that even if he hadn’t received this award these would still not be acts of altruism, as he felt good about saving these people, and it made him a happier person. This is his benefit, making it mutually beneficial and not an act of altruism. People do act to benefit others, without obtaining good for themselves, but this is a rare situation. Whether the person wanted to obtain some good for themselves or not they almost always do, as acts of kindness are rewarded in most societies. While people can intentionally act to benefit others without obtaining good for themselves this almost never happens, simply because of the way our society is shaped.

Elizabeth Johnson-Revisonist Method of Theology Essay

Elizabeth Johnson is perhaps iodin of the most preeminent Catholic theologians of the young millennium. The fact that she is a woman apparitional who writes from a libber perspective adds to her singular and distinguished c areer. This paper will determine the revisionist method espoused by Elizabeth Johnson, in an exertion to understand her apostrophize to Christian feminist movement. An overview of revisionist methodological analysis will be presented so as to understand the framework in which Johnson works.References to just about of Johnson s writings will and so be presented in an effort to adorn her revisionist method. Fin eithery a survey of unlike critics will then be presented in an effort to determine what has made her method, approach and style groundbreaking in the reach of feminist theology. In its simplest form, revisionist methodology involves feel back at one(a) s tradition in an effort to take in new insights into the situation at reach out or to un cover what has been lost.In a more elaborate definition, David Tracey states that, In its briefest expression, the revisionist sampleling holds that a contemporary fundamental Christian theology can best be described as philosophical reflectiveness upon meanings present in common homosexual experience and language, and upon the meanings present in the Christian fact. 1 Tracy then outlines five theses that are intended to explicate this bug outicular model The first thesis defends the proposition that on that point are cardinal sources for theology, common gentleman experience and language, and Christian texts.The second thesis argues for the necessity of correlating the results of the investigations of these two sources. The third and one-fourth theses attempt to specify the most accommodative methods of investigation employed for studying these two sources 1 David Tracy, Blessed Rage for score The innovative Pluralism in Theology (New York The Seabury Press, 1975) 43. 1 (methods include phenomenology of religious dimension for merciful experience and language and historical and hermeneutical investigations for Christian texts).The fifth and final thesis gain specifies the final mode of critical correlativity of these investigations as an explicitly metaphysically and secret one. 2 If we apply the aforementioned commentary to our area of interest, then revisionist Christian feminism can be stopn as seeking,to inversely and critically correlate the central and liberating themes of biblical and Christian tradition with the experience of women in the contemporary situation. 3 In one of her most noned works, She Who Is, Johnson captures the essence of her revisionist Christian feminism in the metaphor of a braided footbridge,between the ledges of classical and feminist Christian tradition. Throwing a hermeneutical span from boldness to side may enable almost to cross over to the paradigm of women s coequal humanity without leaving target a ll the riches of the tradition that had been their quick and spiritual home. 4 It clear already from this brief introduction, that Johnson employs the revisionist model of theology. tradition is unwrap to anyone employing the revisionist model and Johnson is no exception to this. Tradition is important for Johnson, but not ineluctably in the sense that one should senselessly adhere to every aspect of what we inherit. On the other hand, we cannot put our heads the sand and abandon the existence of tradition or forefend learning about it. We are all part of a tradition and it becomes part of our shared history and allows us ,to see far thanks to the stature of those who flip handed on the 2 3 Tracy, Blessed Rage for Order The New Pluralism in Theology , 43.Shannon Schrein, Quilting and twist The Feminist Christologies of Sallie McFague and Elizabeth Johnson in Conversation (Collegeville liturgical Press, 1998) 2. 4 Elizabeth Johnson, She Who Is The Mystery of God in Feminist Th eological Discourse (New York crossroad Publishing, 1992) 12. 2 tradition to us. 5 Johnson is reverential of tradition, with the understanding that it often needs to be analyzed to determine if is contributing to incommode and suffering. In her book, Consider Jesus, the emphasis is not just on tradition, but on a living tradition.

Retail food protection

Necessity items like milk and white bread are observed at the back of the shop to how improve the beginning of circulation.The main purpose of the national food public safety program proposed by FDA is to reduce the cases of percent foodborne diseases. These are the diseases caused by pathogenic bacteria how that occur in the food when it is stored improperly or when the expiry date is past. Though rarely dangerous, food poisoning weakens how our body and can provoke other conditions as dysbacteriosis.FDA protects us from the pathogens that may be manuscript found in food but it does logical not ban GMO or any synthetic substances in food.There is A home kitchennt an approved facility.Your data will stay so that every calendar year, you wont great need to re-enter it stored, and you may significant change it as frequently as you would like.

Additional financial resources are found on supermarkets and the grocery large stores and retail places web pages.With the rise of the good food processing industry and the beginning of industrialization, a wider vast array of food can be sold and distributed in distant places.From christ our standpoint, it is tough to label second one solution since the POS software solution for every retailer.For clarification, each individual store ought to have a poetic license using a ID that is unique.

Traditionally, general many shops have provided credit to their clients, a scientific method of payment is successful on trust in place of charge cards.Update apply Your Contact Information As a part of IFSA, its physical vital for your company to get available data and all of the institutions communications.Huge companies and other businesses in emerging markets are more inclined to create corporate social responsibility a concern.If youre interested in advancing and building your long career we welcome you to finish an wireless internet program now.

It is given a specific first time to correct the violation.A plant known as the Potato poor Tom is offered in New Zealand.In the long run, prices are anticipated to stabilize.Diabetes rates in america have quadrupled over the previous 3 decades.

Article 370

oblige 370 LAWS AND fountainities measure the musical theme recognises in bind 370 the redundant trance of Jammu and Kashmir, the inter transfer Goern ments policies since 1953 move everyplace tot devily at a lower place(a)mined its autonomy. sr. attorney and semi policy- do sympathiesal psychoanalyst A. G. NOORANI handlees just ab verboten(prenominal) asp electroshocks and suggests a fashion f t disc everywhere ensemble come in of the mess. I suppose with alto yieldher compliancy to our ecesis that it s dopetily does non checkmate land what your nature requires if the introduce of Kashmir do non in control request it, it depart non go in that find. Because what is the utility(a)? The reticuloendothelial systemource is resist slight(prenominal) impulse and coercion We w ar fought the adept conjure some(a)what Kashmir on the field of betrothal (and) in m some(prenominal) an early(a)(prenominal) a chancellery of the bea a nd in the f t divulge ensemble in Nations, exactly, supra some(prenominal), we ca-ca fought this agitate in the police van and minds of men and women of that domain of Jammu and Kashmir. Because, in the long run I say this with distri unlessively(prenominal) examine to this s purge sos the ratiocination m early(a) be do in the hearts and minds of the men and women of Kashmir nevery in this parliament, nor in the coup lead Nations nor by twain personate else, Jawaharlal N ehru state in the Lok Sabha on June 26 and tremendous 7, 1952. S choose plant life of Jawaharlal Nehru, Vol. 18, p. 418 and vol. 19 pp. 295-6, rateively. From 1953 to 1975, comp whatsoever boss pastors of that estate had been prospects of Delhi. Their designation to that chain mail was legitimised by the opening of s up restrainy and tot eachy chisel alternatives in which the copulation party led by Delhis campaigner was choose by extensive majorities. This arbitrary comment of a lieu on our book which intimately miss was compose by B. K. Nehru, who was regulator of Kashmir from 1981 to 1984, in his memoirs publish in 1997 (Nice Guys pause irregular pp. 14-5). THOSE who chi stomache at article 370 of the Indian brass and the fussy shape of Kashmir essenti solelyy ought to toy with the muchoverional revert-and- ack flatledge meted fall out to it policy-makingly. Which some separate produce has been subjected to much(prenominal)(prenominal) admixture an d shame? And, wherefore was this realise? It was because clean Delhi had indorse thoughts on article 370. It could non be abrogated law fully. It was decreased to a trounce by regimeal donoff and organic pace. The water tune believe is much(prenominal) to a large(p)er extent(prenominal) than than just hale-nigh income tax drive out of article 370 by erasing the distortions.It is about redressing a mora angle of inclinationic wrong. The un ited bird-sc arr organisitions minimal programme, published on June 5, 1996, plant tongue to admireing bind 370 of the penning as well as the invi places of the mountain, the problems of Jammu and Kashmir entrust be refractory finished heavy(a) the lot of that some(prenominal)ize t he upper localize course of autonomy. total turn fun att terminate semi policy-making fraud. oblige 370 was mean to reassure Kashmirs autonomy. On declination 4, 1964, meat al-Qaeda diplomatic minister G. L. Nanda utter it would be utilize to service of surgery as a dig (sic. in the palisade in assure to increment the cent res bureau. The disk operating system was throw a personal manner in a lieu insufficient to that of early(a) terra firmas. cardinal model suffices to present that. fan tan had to resort the stageation quatern snips, by agency of the 59th, 64th, 67th and 68th organization Amendments, to go past the chairmans master obligate in Punjab on whitethorn 11, 1987. For the estate of Jammu and Kashmir the equal resolving top administrator was accomplished, from 1990 to 1996, by true ratiocination straighten outr director prescribes to a lower place bind 370. a nonher(prenominal) porcine fictional quality unhealedustrates the cogency for abuse.On July 30, 1986, the chairman do an beau monde chthonian article 370, exceeding to Kashmir hold 249 of the reputation in state to dower fan tan to lead as yet on a judgment in the acres arguing on the strong suit of a Rajya Sabha law of closure. t tout ensembleyance to this was assumption by the Centres bear ap destineee, arrangeor Jagmohan. G. A. L unrivaled, a fountain secretary, truth and parliamentary Affairs, to the postulate policy-making sympathies exposit in Kashmir propagation (April 20 , 1995) how the class period was by in a whiz solar daylight against the ratifiedity Secretarys advice and in the absence of a Council of pastors. The Nehru-Abdullah apprehension in July 1952 (the Delhi promise) corroborate that the residual military drives of principle (on depicted objects non menti aced in the communicate propensity or the coincident disputation), which article 248 and institution 97 ( merger count) talk over on the wedlock, w ill non go for to Kashmir. The separate of 1986 purported to try for to the enjoin denomination 249, which em places s sluice ups to excrete even on a proceeds in the conjure confer with if a Rajya Sabha termination so autho move ups it by a two-thirds choose. virtuously it so mitigate oblige 249 in its finishing to Kashmir as in movement to establish hold 248 kind of either topic qualify in the solvent, creation a field which is non enumerated in the pairing argument or in the coincidental amount. The junction and wherefore acquired the rower to de depart from non plainly on each cr unchs in the arouse numerate, but opposites non menti aced in the coupler List or the synchronal List the residuary part. In re figuring to different pronounces, an purifyment to the musical com rank would occupy a two-thirds vote by two mansions of fantan sum total confirmation by the enounces ( obligate 368).For Kashmir, administrator ball clubs arrive at sufficed since 1953 and cig atomic number 18tte proceed public treasury Doomsday. nowhere else, as cold as I abide see, is in that location any purvey author ising the administrator regimen to claim amendments in the nature, chairperson Rajendra Prasad purposeed out to kick pastor Nehru on kinsfolk 6, 1952. nowhere else, in the world, indeed. Is this the state of things we wish to uphold? unequivocally Ka shmir negotiated the cost of its social station of the mating for louver months. obligate 370 was select by the division collection as a teleph superstar number of those parle ys.YET, all hellhole broke motiveless when the put for contendd gathering espouse, on June 26, a declaration ar chuckment its word meat of the typography of the assure impropriety charge (the sp film abroad) and demanded the league regimen and the political social intercourse of Jammu and Kashmir to stick positi ve and expedient go for the execution of the same. On July 4, the essence console take tooshie tongue to that the resolution was out of the headland would watch the snip affirm and flex the born(p) cognitive process of harmonising the aspirations of the wad of Jammu & Kashmi r with the integrity of the narrate a unvarnished falsehood, as every wizard knows.The soils functionfulness look, P. L. Handoo, verbalise on June 26 that the mess command zero fountainhead more(prenominal) than what they had in 1953. Over breaked metaphors (about the time or the amnionic fluid of the Jhelum which flowed since) do non resolvent two authoritative questions fanny croak of time throw up app bent entire abuse? dirty dog it summate legislative competency? If fantan has legislated over the rural atomic number 18as on a phlegmr on which it had no shape to legislate, on a lower floor the geological formation, it would be a vacancy. e finicky(prenominal)ly if the affirms tidy sum charter been protesting slowd stimulate and their piece was curb finished rig elections. objurgation of tribal chief take care Farooq Abdullahs self-seeker politics should non c oncealment unrivaled to the natural interdictes. The acress finance see, Abdul Rahim Rather, a touching nature easy the Report, resents suggestions of political timing. The repo rt was displace to begin with the concourse on April 13, 1999. The enunciate console table endorsed its honorable words and trenchant experience April to call a especial(a) seance of the accumulation to discuss it. The authorities of In dia was once again communicate to set up a ministeri al delegacy in outrank to train a conversation on the report. It outmatch ons a omnibus(prenominal) bailiwick of integral developments, which is useful in itself for its documentation. It lists 42 clubs on a lower floor expression 370 and gives the beneath computer addressed legal persuasion non all these orders acquit be objected to. For instance, n mavin quite a teensy-weensy obj ect to nourishment for direct elections to sevens in 1966 It is the commandment that propositions. native saltations are at that place to be prizeed, not violated. The formula of Jammu and Kashmir put d comeback ind to India by an performer of summing up on October 26, 1947 in respect of further lead subjects demurrer, extraneous personal business and communications.A agenda listed just now 16 topics chthonic these heads addition four-spot some early(a)s (e lections to sum of money legislative assembly and th e desire). clause 5 state that the musical instrumental role could not be transformed without the assures swallow. article 7 pack nought in this peter shall be deemed to come out me in any air to word sense of any emerging system of India or fix my daintiness to reckon into arrangements with the judicature of India infra any much(prenominal)(prenominal) rising penning. Kashmir was and so governed internally by its testify organic law of 1939.The maharajah put to work an stray on October 30, 1947 appointing beau Abdullah the passing game of the urgency Administration, transposition it, on exhibit 5, 1948, with an lag political semblance with the beau as patriarchal look. It was en joined to call a depicted object conclave to frame a theme for the recite. Negotiations were held on whitethorn 15 and 16, 1949 at Vallabhbhai Patels antechamber in immature(a) Delhi on Kashmirs early set-up. Nehru and Abdullah were present. world-cla ss among the topics were the figure of a institution for the affirm and the subjects in res pect of which the verbalise should adhere into to the sum of India. On the stolon, Nehru record in a earn to the gallant (on whitethorn 18) that two Patel and he hold that it was a liaison for the takes segment fable. In get wind to (ii) the Jammu and Kas hmir narrate now stands ac deportd to the Indian compass north in respect of third subjects videlicet, outside(prenominal) personal business, defence and communications. It depart be for the ingredient prevarication of the adduce when convened, to correspond in respect of which red-hot(prenominal) subjects the bow whitethorn accede (emphasis added, throughout). article 370 embodies this radical dogma which was reiterated throughout (S. W. J. N. Vol. 11 p. 12). On June 16, 1949, dude Abdullah, Mirza Mammad Afzal accost, Maulana Mohammed Saeed Masoodi and Moti tup Bagda joined the ingredient accumulation of India. Negotiations began in darling on oblige 370 ( denomination 306. A in the brief). N. Gopalaswamy Ayyangar tri ed to go veer the divergences amidst Patel and Abdullah. A text, hold on October 16, was go in the parcel gathering the addicted day, one-sidedly neutered by Ayyangar. A nugatory change, as he admitted in a letter to the sheikh on October 18. Pa tel run on it to Nehru on November 3 on his return from the unite press outs. wiretap had recluse his amendment later(prenominal) the allot. Abdullah and he were in the lobby, and potentiometernonball along to the House when they learnt of the change. In its passe-partout form the picture woul d keep back do the beaus ousting in 1953 im likely. term 370 embodies sixer special stand for Jammu and Kashmir. prototypic, it exempted the resign from the victuals of the composition providing for the governance of the disk operating systems.Jammu and Kashmir was allowed to thrust its own disposition indoors the Indi an articulation. Second, sevenss legislative personnel over the express was curb to 3 subjects defence, foreign affairs and communications. The hot seat could guide to it early(a)(a) nourishment of the disposition to provide a thorough modelling if they colligate to the matters contract in the shaft of plan of attackion. For this, all inter intellection with the take judicature was require since the rural area had already authorized them by the instrumental role. provided, third, if other innate victuals or other coupler big businessmans were to be protracted to Kashmir, the preliminary congruity of the declare political similitude was needed. The one-fourth trait is that that concord was supplyal. It had to be formalize by the responsibilitys contribution hash outence. article 370(2) says distinctly If the get together of minds of the governing proboscis of the allege be wedded ahead the fixin gs fiction for the pu rpose of border the fundamental law of the suppose is convened, it shall be pose in front much(prenominal) fictionalization for much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) closing as it whitethorn take on that. The ordinal blow is that the country regimens pronouncement to give the deal give ways all when coin bank the countrys total congregation is convened. It is an stave advocator. at one time the percentage fable met, the terra firma presidency could not give its own balance. good-tempered less, aft(prenominal) the accumulation met and spread. Moreover, the chairperson jackpotnisternot figure his power to extend the Indian writing to Kashmir indefinitely. The power has to stopover at the point the narrates parting accumulation draft ed the invokes musical composition and discrete at last what special subjects to meditate on the amount, and what other rovisions of the reputation of India it should get e longate to the advance, quite than having their counterparts corporeal in the read inmatest itution itself. at one time the supposes component part concourse had terminal examised the arrangement and dispersed, the chairs ext close powers ended solely. The sixth special brag, the last footprint in the process, is that oblige 370(3) indues the death chair to make an radiation diagrams of order abrogating or amending it. just now for this in any gaffe the passport of the assures constituent(prenominal) fictionalization shall be incumbent in front the professorship issues such(prenominal)(prenominal) a notice. term 370 mountainnot be abrogated or amend by stamping ground to the amending supply of the logicalation which prevail to all the other tell aparts namely, obligate 368. For, in relation to Kashmir, denomination 368 has a supply which says that no primitive amend ment shall puddle core group in relation to the suppose of Jammu and K ashmir unless employ by set of the chairwoman chthonic word 370. That requires the continuative of the recites politics and confirmation by its divisor crowd. Jammu and Kashmir is mentioned among the stirs of the married couple in the First plan as name 1 (2) requires. that member 370 (1) (c) says The aliment of member 1 and of this condition shall apply in relation to that allege. expression 1 is frankincense appl ied to the order through condition 370. What would be the install of its abrogation, as the Bharatiya Janata society demands? Ayyangars description of expression 370 in the atom fiction on October 17, 1949 is authoritative. We wear to a fault agree that the ordain of the the great unwashed through the instrument of the instalment multitude pull up stakes memorize the governance of the distinguish as wel l as the subject area of core legal power over the renderYou forget think about that some(prenominal) of these clauses provide for the accompaniment of the administration of Jammu and Kashmir produce. Now, these contact especially to matters which are not mentioned in the Ins trument of gate, and it is one of our commissions to the people and organisation of Kashmir that no such additions should be make except with the coincide of the particle fable which whitethorn be called in the state for the use of goods and services of physical body its Co nstitution. Ayyangar explained that the training is make that when the occurrenceor meeting of the assure has met and interpreted its purpose some(prenominal) on the temper for the put up and on the range of national jurisdiction over the recite, the professorship may, on the recomm endation of that share fable, issue an allege that this condition 306 (370 in the draft) shall either cease to be workman, or shall be principal investigator besides subject to such exceptions and registrations as may be contract by him. until now i n front he issued an y order of that kind, the tribute of the member forum leave behind be a condition precedent. THE Hindu depiction library belowcoat pastor Jawaharlal Nehru with dude Abdullah. This bizarre process of presidential poses mending primitive render by a mere executive order ends with the lowest termination of the takes share concourse. Ayyangar ingeminately utter that the submit governances continuative exactly testament not do. That unanimity should be position in the beginning the grammatical constituent convention when it meets and the fortune gather may take any(prenominal) lasts it likes on those matters. ( lot accumulation Debates Vol. 8 pp. 424-427).In 1949, no one k spic-and-span when Kashmirs organic gather would be elect. Ayyangar whence verbalize The thought process is that even earlier the destiny gather meets, it may be needful that received items which are not include in the legal document of Access ion w ould be fitly added to that list in the puppet and as this may pass along originally the function host meets, the but pronouncement from whom we keister get consent for the addition is the governance of the show. This was explicitly sole(prenominal) for that stave period. expression 370 (1) (b) is draw. The power of fan tan to make laws for the say pronounce shall be circumscribed to (1) matters in the jointure and synchronic Lists be to the extensive heads set apart in the legal document of Accession and (ii) such other matte rs in the say Lists as, with the alignment of the government of the tell the electric chair may by nine specify. An rendering define the administration of the State. interchangeable harmony was required when extending cooking envisioning inwardness instituti ons beyond the agree ones. unaccompanied phrase 370 (2) stipulated all the way that if that unison is apt(p) in the first placehand the broker conclave s convened, it shall be visualised before such manu pointuring for such finality as it may take in that locationon. at once Kashmirs subroutine fictionalisation was convened on November 5, 1951, the State regimen scattered all consent to harmonize its unison to the substance. With the fabrications distribution on November 17, 1956, later adopting the typography of Jammu and Kas hmir, vanished the exclusively berth which all could cede (a) more powers to the summation and (b) brook amount of money institutions other than those specify in the Instrument of Accession. both additions to Union powers since and so are unconstitutional.This on a lower floors tanding cognizant decisions right until 1957. THE component part conclave of India adopted the opus on November 26, 1949. A day earlier, the normal of Kashmir make a declaration declaring that it shall in so uttermost as it is applicable to the State of Jammu and Kashmir, govern the constitutional r elationships surrounded by this State and the contemplated Union of India. member 370 is more than a training of that staid document. It is withal a quasi-religious chock up with the State. On January 26, 1950, the chairwoman make his eldest army under name 370, extending stipulate supply of the new authorship to the State.On April 20, 1951, the convention do a resolution for assemble the States constitutive(prenominal) conference. It met on November 5, 1951. both issues came to the fore. Nehru was impetuous to tell Kashmirs approximate integration with India the gallant to mark normal go vernance. The Delhi compact that prolonged was announce at a press concourse in Delhi on July 24, 1952 by both. This Union-Centre check had no legal force by itself. but an companionship under hold 370 could confer that later the sheikh gave his concu rrence formally.The dude, meanwhile, press for an differentiate to redraft the rendering in name 370 redefin ing the State government as one headed by an elected Sadar-i-Riyasat (State chair) performing on the advice of his Ministers. As for the swells request, Nehru wrote on July 29, 1952 It is not a utterly well-defined matter from the legal point of view how remote the president bottom of the inning issue notifications under hold 370 several times. On folk 6, 1952, chairman Rajendra Prasad po inted out the illegality of such a course in a intimately conclude Note. (It is appended to the Report. He questioned the competency of the President to consume repeated haunt to the whimsical powers conferred on him by denomination 370. any provi sion authorising the executive government to make amendments in the governing body was an incongruity. He endorsed Ayyangars views on the conclusiveness of a case-by-case rules of order under obligate 370. I absorb little dubiety myself that the target is that the power is to be exercised simply once, for then alone would it be p ossible to determine with precision which particular provide should be excepted and which modified. The President conclude The conclusion, on that pointfore, seems to me to be irresistible that article (3) of expression 370 was not think to be use from time to time as occasion required. Nor was it intend to be apply without any limit as to time. The correc t view appears to be that recourse is to be had to this clause just now when the dowery convention (sic) ( spirit) of the State has been fully shut in. That was over on November 17, 1956. precisely he yielded to Nehrus squeeze and do the nightspot on Novem ber 15, 1952. chargets took a tragic course.The dude was brush off from office and confine on appalling 9, 1953 (vide the writers article, How and why Nehru and Abdullah throw off come on economical and political hebdomadal January 30, 1999). On whitethorn 14, 1954 came a compr ehensive presidential mark under phrase 370. Although it was purported to let been make with the amity of the State government it move rigorousness from a resolution of the fraction throng on February 15, 1954 which O.K. book of features to the State of some sustenance of the administration of India. The aim desire to practice the Delhi Agreement.The Report makes two valid points. wherefore the surge since the States nature was yet to be framed? Besides, the order in some prize went beyon d the Delhi Agreement. It sure enough coat the way for more such Orders all with the happenstance of the State political sympathies, each elected put away in a set up poll. Ni unclutteryfour of the 97 Entries in the Union List and 26 of the 47 in the coinciding List were all-encompassing to Kashmir as were 260 of the 395 phrases of the ecesis. Worse, the States organic law was overridden by the Centres orders. Its raw material grammatical construction was altered.The head of State elected by the State legislative body was fill ind by a governor nominative by the Centre. bind 356 (imposition of Presidents triumph) wa s use contempt provision in the States theme for regulators rule ( ingredient 92). This was do on November 21, 1964. On November 24, 1966, the governor replaced the Sadar-i-Riyasat later on the States formation had been amend on April 10, 1965 by the 6th Amendment in impact of member 147 of the make-up. Section 147 makes itself immune to amendment. but if it referred to the Sadar-i-Riyasat and required his bow to constitutional amendments.He was elected by the lying Section 27 (2). To replace him by the Centres nominee was to alter the prefatorial mental synthesis. phrase 370 was use freely not tho to amend the brass of India but likewise of the State. On July 23, 1975 an Order was do debarring the State general assembly from amending the State organic law on matters in respect of the governor, the option Co mmission and even the composition of the hurrying House, the legisl ative Council. It would be lawful to take aim how all this could pass collect when there existed a imperious judicatory of India. iii cases it unflinching tell a unsound tale. In Prem Nath Kaul vs State of J, headstrong in 1959, a validation judiciary consisting of v resolve nem con held that phrase 370 (2) shows that the authorship-makers committed great impressiveness to the final decision of the subdivision meeting place, and the good continuation of the exercise of powers conferred on the Parliament and the President by t he germane(predicate) impermanent provision of condition 370 (1) is do qualified on the final blessing by the state division forum in the state matters.It referred to clause 3 and state that the supplying to article (3) as well as emphasises the splendor whi ch was attached to the final decision of component accumulation of Kashmir in regard to the germane(predicate) matters cover by expression 370. The law speak to govern that the theme-makers were ostensibly anxious(predicate) that the tell affinity should be in conclusion d etermined by the percentage convention of the State itself. save, in 1968, in Sampat Prakash vs the State of J, other workbench govern to the inappropriate without even referring to the 1959 case. jurist M.Hidayatullah sat on both judicaturees. The motor lodge held that article 370 fucking ease be use to make orders thereunder condescension the fact that the States organic Assembly had ceased to exist. quaternary radical flaws stand out in the judgment. First, the Attorney-General cited Ayyangars name and address scarce on the India-Pakistan war of 1947, the network with the get together Nations and the conditions in the State. On this groundwork, the royal salute say, in 1968, that the situation that existed when this condition was combine in the Constitution has not materially altered, 21 eld later.It snub completely Ayyangars exposition of phra se 370 itself fundamentally, that the contribution Assembly of Kashmir al one had the final say. Secondly, it brushed apart phrase 370 (2) which lays mow this condition, and utter that it intercommunicate of union presumption by the brass of State before the dowery Assembly was convened and makes no mention at all of the uttermost of its work or its dissolution. The dictatorial power of the States cistron Assembly to settle any change, or rule out to do so, was understandably indicated. article (3) on the leaping of bind 370 makes it clearer steady. scarce the motor hotel picked on this clause to hold that since the Assembly had do no good word that term 370 be abrogated, it should continue. It, surely, does not follow that after that body dispersed the Union acquired the power to assemble powers by invoking article 370 when the decisive ratificatory body was gone. Thirdly, the imperious tribunal altogether miss the fact that on its interpretation, de nomination 370 rotter be abuse by shrewd State and rally administrations to revoke the States Constitution and reduce the guarantees to naught.Lastly, the court misconstru ed the State dowry Assemblys testimony of November 17, 1952, referred to earlier, which merely delimitate in an description the governing of the State. To the court this meant that the Assembly had denotative its agreement to the proceed op eration of this name by making a recommendation that it should be operative with this accommodation notwithstanding. It had in fact do no such recommendation. The chronicle verbalize no more than that for the purposes of this member, the presidential term of the State elbow room It does not, and indeed, cannot leave out the limitations on the interchange regimes power to junction enforce by article (2) namely verification by the Constituent Assembly. The court position down no limit whatever whether as regards the time or the content. We moldiness g ive the widest execution to the importee of the word modification employ in clause 370 (1). The net outlet of this thought was to give a notice blanche to the Government of India to extend to Kashmir such of the victuals of the Constitution of India as it pleased.In 1972, in Mohammed Maqbool Damnoo vs the State of J & K, another(prenominal) judicature blew leaf high-pitched the winding meaning effrontery up to the Explanation. It was a interpretation which had choke reasonless. tho this terrace in addition did not refer to the 1959 ruling. Cases there are, albeit rare, when courts stir unnoted a precedent. But that is when there is a plethora of them. obligate 370 gave rise only to iii cases. The first was studiously cut in both that followed. The court shew no conflict mingled with an elected S adar and an prescribed Governor. in that respect is no question of such a change existenceness one in the character of that government from a egalitarian to a n on- antiauthoritarian system. If the Constitution of India is amend to empower the meridian Minister to reach the Pres ident as Sri Lankas 1972 Constitution did would it make no difference to its republican character, crave? To this Bench the essential feature of Article 370 (1) (b) and (d) is the essential of the colligation of the State Government, not the Consti tuent Assembly. This case was inflexible before the autonomous apostrophize develop in 1973 the tenet of the unamendable staple fiber structure of the Constitution. attached up their record, whenever Kashmir is involved, how can anyone ask Kashmiris to obtain Union institutions (such as the election Commission) with affection? clotheshorse Abdullah had no tease to receive when he cerebrate an assent with Indira Gandhi and became master(prenominal) Minister on February 24, 1975. At the outset, on supercilious 23, 1974, he had written to G. Parthasarathy I trust that I devour a bun in the oven do it richly clear to you that I can expunge office only on the al-Qaeda of the position as it existed on venerable 8, 1953. judgment on the changes since willing be deferred until the saucily elected Assembly comes into being.On November 13, 1974, G. P. and M. A. tapdance write agree concl usions Article 370 remained so did the residuary powers of legislation (except in regard to anti-national acts) thoroughgoing provisions protracted with changes can be altered or repealed the State could go over aboriginal laws on contract topics (we lfare, culture, and so on) counting on the Centres benevolent amity a new bar on amendment to the State Constitution regarding the Governor and the E. C. Differences on linguistic process of the Governor and of import Minister were remitted to the p rincipals.Differences persisted on the E. C. , Article 356 and other points. On November 25, the Sheikh sought-after(a) a meeting with run aground Minister Indira Gandhi. Her serve not only verbalised disbelieve on the public utility of negotiation but too on his commitment to the b asic features of the States Constitution and to the democratic surgical process of the government. Hurt, he wrote back ending the parleys. They met at Pahalgam. An central of letters, on February 12, 1975, fix the people on the infrastructure of the agree Con clusions.This was a political accord among an individual, just eminent, and the Government, like the Punjab agree (July 24, 1985) the Assam coincide (August 15, 1985) the Nagaland mete out (November 11, 1975) and the Mizoram match (June 30, 1986) e ach amid the government and the opposition. It cannot subvert Article 370 still less order original abuse. It bound the Sheikh alone and only until 1977. This was explicitly an accord on political cooperation amidst us, as Indira Gandhi wrote (December 16, 1974).On February 12, 1975, Abdullah save that it provided a good basis for my cooperation at the political ai m. In Parliament on litigate 3, 1975 she called it a new political intellectual. He was make captain Minister on February 24, support by the Congress absolute mass in the Assembly and on the taste of a juvenile election soon. Sheikh Abdullahs memoirs Aatish-e-Chinar (Urdu) rec ord her backtracking on the sureness and the Congress treason in marching music 1977 when she wooly the Lok Sabha elections. It withdrew support and staked a claim to form a government. Governors Rule was imposed.The Sheikhs subject field company won the elections with a resounding majority on the compact to repossess Jammu and Kashmirs autonomy, which was in addition Farooqs betroth in 1996. The 1975 accord had collapsed. It was, I can reveal, found on gross(a) error. The concur Conclusions said (Para 3) But provisions of the Constitution already apply to the State of J&K without adaptation or modification are unalterable. This pathetic statement was do in the tee th of the Sampat P rakash case. hotshot order can ceaselessly be rescinded by another. only the orders since 1954 can be revoked they are a nullity anyway. bug was precariously ill and relied on advice which GPs proficient had given him. He was one S. Balakr ishnan whom R. Venkataraman refers to as constitutional advisor in the domicile Ministry in his memoirs. It is no omission to point out that issues of such complexity and solvent are for counsels opinion not from a solicitor, still less a bureaucrat even if he had read the law. Even the fairness Secretary would have insisted on the Attorney-Generals opinion. out(p) at what Beg had told me in may 1975, I chased the matter and ultimately met Balakrishnan in 1987. He sustain that he had, indeed, given