COMPOSITE MATERIALS Essay -- Sturctures, Types, Mechanical Propertie

The word composite comes from the latin â€Å"composititus† meaning made up of distinct parts. A composite material is a material composed of two or more distinct materials[1], or constituents, with one constituent acting as the reinforcing phase and the other as the matrix[6]. A composite material is defined by having different macroscopic behaviours, or chemical and physical properties then its constituent materials, and has a distinct interface boundary on the microscopic level[5]. Structure of Composites In a composite material the constituents are arranged generally with the reinforcement phase embedded in the matrix phase. Due to a composite being essentially a mixture between the reinforcement phase and the matrix there is no intermolecular bonding between the two, however, as in the case of fibrous composites, the most mechanically efficient structure is a criss-crossed fibrous lattice suspended in a material matrix. In the case of particulate composites however, the reinforcement phase acts essentially to strengthen the matrix material adding support. Types of Composites Composite materials are usually classified according to the type of their reinforcement phase. The two main types of composites are fibrous composites and particulate composites, which may again be divided further. In fibrous composites the fibres acting as the reinforcement, may be either continuous or chopped, and suspended in a material matrix. In composites in which the reinforcement phase is composed of either chopped or discontinuous fibres, the composite may have an either random or biased orientation. They may be used to make single layer composites or lamina. In particulate composites particles are suspended in a ... ...onent which gives little deflection when acted upon by a given weight is desirable, so a material with maximum ties in tension (E/Ï ) component which gives the least deflection for a given weight is that made of a material with a maximum E/Ï  (ties in tension), E1/2/Ï  (beam in bending) or E1/3/Ï  (plate in bending). As explained in the diagram below.[4] Works Cited 1 - http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/composite 2-http://composite.about.com/od/aboutcompositesplastics/l/aa060297.htm 3 - http://www.fibersonixx.com/Composites%20101.htm 4 - http://afrodita.rcub.bg.ac.rs/~rzoran/263-276%20from%20Engineering%20Materials%202.pdf 5-http://www.scribd.com/doc/36051965/Intro-to-Composite-Materials 6-DT260-2 BSc in Industrial and Environmental Physics - Mech Properties and Materials- CERAMICS 7-http://www.ehow.com/about_5149655_uses-composite-materials.html COMPOSITE MATERIALS Essay -- Sturctures, Types, Mechanical Propertie The word composite comes from the latin â€Å"composititus† meaning made up of distinct parts. A composite material is a material composed of two or more distinct materials[1], or constituents, with one constituent acting as the reinforcing phase and the other as the matrix[6]. A composite material is defined by having different macroscopic behaviours, or chemical and physical properties then its constituent materials, and has a distinct interface boundary on the microscopic level[5]. Structure of Composites In a composite material the constituents are arranged generally with the reinforcement phase embedded in the matrix phase. Due to a composite being essentially a mixture between the reinforcement phase and the matrix there is no intermolecular bonding between the two, however, as in the case of fibrous composites, the most mechanically efficient structure is a criss-crossed fibrous lattice suspended in a material matrix. In the case of particulate composites however, the reinforcement phase acts essentially to strengthen the matrix material adding support. Types of Composites Composite materials are usually classified according to the type of their reinforcement phase. The two main types of composites are fibrous composites and particulate composites, which may again be divided further. In fibrous composites the fibres acting as the reinforcement, may be either continuous or chopped, and suspended in a material matrix. In composites in which the reinforcement phase is composed of either chopped or discontinuous fibres, the composite may have an either random or biased orientation. They may be used to make single layer composites or lamina. In particulate composites particles are suspended in a ... ...onent which gives little deflection when acted upon by a given weight is desirable, so a material with maximum ties in tension (E/Ï ) component which gives the least deflection for a given weight is that made of a material with a maximum E/Ï  (ties in tension), E1/2/Ï  (beam in bending) or E1/3/Ï  (plate in bending). As explained in the diagram below.[4] Works Cited 1 - http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/composite 2-http://composite.about.com/od/aboutcompositesplastics/l/aa060297.htm 3 - http://www.fibersonixx.com/Composites%20101.htm 4 - http://afrodita.rcub.bg.ac.rs/~rzoran/263-276%20from%20Engineering%20Materials%202.pdf 5-http://www.scribd.com/doc/36051965/Intro-to-Composite-Materials 6-DT260-2 BSc in Industrial and Environmental Physics - Mech Properties and Materials- CERAMICS 7-http://www.ehow.com/about_5149655_uses-composite-materials.html

Capitalism and the American Dream

SOCI 2013 17 April 2013 How Capitalism Affects the American Dream Capitalism is defined as â€Å"an economic system in which the ownership of the means of production- like land, factories, large sums of money, and machines – is in private hands† (SOC 10). Social Philosopher Karl Marx strongly believed that in the end, capitalism simply wouldn’t work for several different reasons. His idea became known as Marxian conflict theory. While the functionalist theory examines groups’ order and cohesion, the conflict theory examines ways groups disagree and struggle for power.Marx predicted that capitalism would cause continuous tension between the haves and the have -not’s; the have-not’s mostly being the minorities and the poor. He believed that capitalist societies would be reduced to two social classes; the capitalist class (the bourgeoisie or the rich) and the working class (the proletariat or the poor), and that this division would eventually ca use some sort of social upheaval. Generation Y is in trouble with the years to come seeing as it is against the odds that one will becomes part of the small percentage of people that are the capitalists.If our economic system remains the same, the generations to come will become nothing more than workers for the bourgeoisie. Karl Marx gave five reasons in particular as to why capitalism will fail. It will result in monopolies, inflation, unemployment, lack of income, and the wealthy ultimately ruling the world and making the rules. This all will result in reduced quality goods, poverty, poor legislation, and people not being able to afford the necessities of life.The first reason Marx gave as to why capitalism won’t work is that in a capitalist economy, monopolies are unavoidable. A monopoly is when one supplier of a particular commodity is the only supplier. Monopolies eliminate competition. This gives the supplier the power to charge high prices and reduce the quality of th e products because the consumers don’t have any other choices. An example of this would be cable TV verses things like Dish TV, the iPad, and Netflix. Not as many people want to pay for cable when it is much easier and cheaper to view television shows and movies n other ways. The same concept is happening to land line phones. Gasoline companies are obvious example of monopolies, in which the easiest mode of transportation is a motor vehicle. In this case, people eventually will have no choice but to purchase gasoline. OPEC (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries) now controls 46% of all the oil produced in the world, making it a huge global monopoly. Paying high prices for lower quality products will only cause more and more problems for future generations.The second reason Marx gave was that because there is no centralized planning in capitalism, meaning that over-production of products is inevitable, and in turn, causes inflation and depressions. Over production is when too many goods are produced and supply outdoes demand. Companies are left with stocks they cannot sell and are forced to shut down as a result. Another reason capitalism doesn’t work is that unemployment levels are raised. Demands for labor saving machinery force employers to let people go.The worldwide unemployment rate is 6% while the United States, a capitalistic economy, has an unemployment rate of about 8%. According to Marx, unemployment is unavoidable in our economic system. Unemployment also plays into the fourth reason Marx gave, which is that employers will try to maximize their profits by reducing labor expenses and firing people, thus creating a situation where the unemployed don’t have enough income to buy the goods produced, creating the contradiction of causing profits to fall, which starts the cycle all over again.The fifth, and perhaps the most startling reason Marx gave, is that the control of the state will be by the wealthy, the effect of wh ich is laws benefiting themselves. The wealthiest 1% of people in the United States control 42% of the wealth in our country. Many of these super rich are the ones that own the monopolies like the oil suppliers or are politicians that make laws that are ultimately in their favor. Even if a person in the generations to come were to work hard and have a good paying, stable job, it is still very unlikely that they will be one of he super rich, allowing them to be safe from the current and/or potential economic depressions. Thus, it is safe to conclude that Marx was correct in his predictions that a capitalistic country will eventually fail. Works Cited Amadeo, Kimberly. â€Å"Monopoly. † About. com. N. p.. Web. 15 Apr 2013. . Benokraitis, Nijole. SOC. 2nd Edition. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, 2012. 9,10,14,151,152. Print. Kopicatsu, . â€Å"Karl Marx: Why Capitalism Will Fail. † The Escapist. N. p. , 16 Sept 2011. Web. 15 Apr 2013. lt;http://www. escapistmaga zine. com/forums/read/528. 313395-Karl-Marx-Why-Capitalism-Will-Fail> â€Å"Top 1 Percent Control 42 Percent of Financial Wealth in the U. S. – How Average Americans are Lured into Debt Servitude by Promises of Mega Wealth.. † My Budget 360. N. p.. Web. 15 Apr 2013. . â€Å"Unemployment. † Wikipedia. N. p. , 13 Apr 2013. Web. 15 Apr 2013. .

Don t Pull The Trigger On Gun Control - 1029 Words

Don’t Pull the Trigger on Gun control Have you ever wondered why the United States always seems to have mass shootings in the news? Well, this is why gun control should be mandated in the America. Gun control is a debate fueled by the recent shootings of Colombine, Sandy Hook, Marysville Pilchuck, and the recent shooting at a social center. Gun control is a proposal to ban or further restrict gun laws, gun control has been put in place in many other countries such as Canada, The United Kingdom, Australia, Japan, and most of the other developed nations. What’s stopping gun control from being passed is the NRA and other lobbyists say gun control violates the Second Amendment in the Constitution. There should be gun control because it will†¦show more content†¦However, today there is the military and there is no use for the guns. The Gun Control Act of 1968 was put in place after a mass shooting at the University of Texas. As well after, the murders of John F Kennedy, Martin Luther King and Robert F Kennedy. That law prohibited the transfer of guns between states without a license. Then in 1994, there was a ban on assault weapons, which banned certain semiautomatic weapons and guns with military features. However, that law expired, and was not renewed due to the NRA’s lobbying efforts. An unacknowledged side effect of gun control is the sheer cost of gun violence. In 2010, the United States lost 5.5 billion dollars in tax revenue due to gun violence. That is $564 per person. The lost tax revenue consists of, 1.4 Billion for Medicade and Medicare. Just the response to gun crimes with medics and police cost $133 million (Pro-con.org). Costs also include, 180 million for mental health care for victims and $224 million for processing insurance claims(Pro-con.org). Putting the criminals through the justice system also takes $4.7 Billion (Pro-con.org). All of this money could be used to improve schools and other parts of society. Gun control needs to be instated because it will reduce suicides and mass shootings. Between 1999 and 2013 guns were the number one choice in crimes. shown by the fact that a gun was used in 66.6% of all homicides(pro-con.org). During this period guns were used in 52.2% of all suicides.