The Between Religion And Science - 810 Words

All that I have ever known and believed in is now being questioned. It is transitioning into some sort of enormous trial – between religion and science. I have been taught to accept the religious, social, and political ideas that the Catholic Church has devised upon the world. For years, humans have believed and used Aristotle’s theory which explained Earth’s position in the universe. By the geocentric theory, Earth was said to be located at the center of the universe. The moon, the sun, and the other planets would orbit around Earth. Christianity supported these theories and used them to educate people around the world. Recently, there have been new discoveries and theories that have been proposed by countless amounts of scientists,†¦show more content†¦In fact, he has invented analytical geometry which combines geometry and algebra. Issac Newton has formed the theory that interprets the law of motion. This law is recognized as the law of universal grav itation. There has also been an increase in the amount of new tools and materials. Zacharias Janssen created a new and improved microscope. It is currently being used to observe microscopic objects that you wouldn’t be able to see with a naked eye. There have been a wide variety of scientific tools that serve different purposes. The following are a collection of tools that share similar characteristics: mercury barometer, thermometer, and another scale for the thermometer. The thermometer is perceived to show temperatures in different weather conditions. These new methods, scientific tools, and theories are beginning to make an impact on the science community. Throughout endless amounts of warfare, adversity, and hardship, humans have encountered unknown diseases and sickness. Some of these illnesses don’t come with cures and are unable to be explained. However, with the new technology and science that this century has recently discovered, illness will no longer be the main issue. Hopefully, humans will be able to experience a greater longevity than before. We are becoming more advanced in medicine and possessing enhanced expertise that will offer better solutions for a human’s health. Before, a man named Galen would only dissect animals to understand theShow MoreRelatedThe Between Religion And Science1651 Words   |  7 PagesApocalyptic Science Fiction, a major theme is the relationship between Religion and Science. Technology being like a religion is able to infer consequences that by being so consumed by it or self-dependent on it, that it can in fact negatively affect spirit or ethics. A work of Science Fiction has the capability to translate concerns that are religious or spiritual. The Machine Stops, Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?, and Blade Runner all translate concerns that relate to religion and technologyRead MoreThe Relationship Between Religion And Science1339 Words   |  6 Pagesrelationship between religion and science. For example, the question has been raised whether science and religion give the same kind of knowledge, thus competing with one another. The alternate view is that they give different kinds of knowledge, thereby complementing one another. Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) was an Italian scientist who addressed this issue. A bit later, the English philosopher David Hume (1711-1776) similarly discussed the kinds of knowledge that can be obtained from religion and scienceRead MoreThe Difference Between Science and Religion1630 Words   |  7 PagesScience has had a short life when compared to religion. Yet weve seen civilizations better themselves a thousandfold since han ds unclasped, grabbed scientific instruments and started measuring the world. Is science some form of new religion? Or is science different from religion? Debates of this matter have been common since the dawn of science. Articles on their differences, similarities and clashings have crept up on society and affected everyone in the western civilization. Most recently, religiousRead MoreThe Divide Between Science And Religion996 Words   |  4 Pagesetymological root of the modern English word science (Merriam-Webster, 2016). It is perhaps fitting that many of the greatest minds of our time consider science to be the ultimate source of truth, knowledge, and understanding. Famed chemist, professor, and author Peter Atkins (1995) believes â€Å"science is the best procedure yet discovered for exposing fundamental truths about the world† (Atkins, 1995, p. 97). This paper will challenge that assertion and argue that science is not the only source of truth, thatRead MoreThe Relati onship Between Religion And Science907 Words   |  4 PagesThe relationship between religion and science is indubitably debated. Barbour describes four ways of viewing this relationship (conflict, independence, dialogue--religion explains what science cannot, and integration--religion and science overlap). Gould presents a case in which religion and science are non-overlapping magisteria (NOMA), that the two entities teach different things and therefore do not conflict. The subject of this essay is Worrall, who says that religion and science does conflict,Read MoreRelationship Between Science And Religion950 Words   |  4 PagesWithin philosophy, there has long been a question about the relationship between science and religion. These two systems of human experience have undoubtedly had a lot of influence in the course of mankind’s development. The philosopher Ian Barbour created a taxonomy regarding science and religion that has become widely influential. His taxonomy po stulates that there are four ways in which science and religion are thought to interact. The four categories are: conflict, independence, dialogue, andRead MoreThe Differences Between Science And Religion913 Words   |  4 PagesOften claims are made that science and religion are incompatible; the two cannot coexist as to believe in God contradicts scientific belief. To look at science and think of it in a completely separate field to religion is not true a true reflection of the relationship between the two. Science and religion overlap in several ways. They both affect our everyday decisions and impact on the way we view and understand the world around us. They both address ‘the same world, the same reality.’ just in differentRead MoreThe Relationship Between Religion And Science1056 Words   |  5 Pagesrelationship between religion and science? In his book, Consilience, Edward O. Wilson aims to find a unified theory of knowledge. Consilence also seeks to show how science is superior to and can replace religion. In this paper, I intend to show how Wilson understands this relationship and science as well as how. as well as show John Stuart Mill would agree or disagree with Wilson. Science â€Å"aims to save the spirit, not by surrender but by the liberation of the human mind† (Wilson, 7). Both religion and scienceRead MoreThe Relationship between Science and Religion755 Words   |  4 Pages　　The Relationship between Science and Religion 　　The relationship between science and religion will be analyzed in the following three aspects: conflict, compartmentalization and complementariness. 　　Conflict 　　An essential question on our own existence is bound to evoke our curiosity: where did we come from? Charles Darwin, in his theory of evolution, believed that human being was evolved from apes. However, the Genesis in Bible considered that human was created by God. Undoubtedly, it is impossibleRead MoreThe Problem Between Science and Religion1289 Words   |  6 PagesScience and religion have always been in opposing viewpoints, historically. Science has a mentality that is based off of knowledge, observation, and experimentation. However, religion has no factual proof of anything, it is solely based off of faith and feelings. The problem between these two subjects is that one has factual evidence and one does not. Science is able to explain the laws of gravity - if an item is dropped it will fall. Religion is able to explain a single persons experience with a

The Marsh Is An Open And Muddy Area - 1090 Words

The marsh is home; it is an open and muddy area. Our place is small and wooden. Jonas’ Butchers and the green grocer, owned by the Martelli’s, are the local shops. You need money or privilege to even step inside though. The poorer people, such as myself, use the market. It supplies us with just enough, that is unless you have contacts with the Sticks. The place isn’t like it once was, not since it was handed over to the Sticks and the Elis Government. Sticks uphold the law; like policemen, but the horrible and murderous kind. They are the guards who stop us from running and trying to find sanctuary somewhere else, if there is somewhere else to go, unless, of course, you can entice them to help you. They are the ones that tear families†¦show more content†¦I have named this place whisper, as it sits in the woods and when the wind passes through the cracks, it whispers to the trees. There is only one room here, and a small working fireplace. Samuel my long time friend and I were stuck here when the snow fell last winter, and that is when we figured the fireplace still worked. It kept us warm for the night. â€Å"Lyla, we better get back. If the sticks notice we are missing before the hearing, we’re screwed,† Samuel says behind me. â€Å"Not only us, our family too† I turn to look at him. He is a head taller than me, and I can see that fear has crept into his brown eyes and he runs his hand through his deep brown hair. â€Å"Okay let’s go,† I say with one longing glance to the opening in front of us. â€Å"One day we will get out of here and find our way from here† â€Å"Yes, but not unless we are dead first, then we can’t do shit† Samuel says, picking up our bow and arrows that we have made. I head towards him and pick up the sack filled with two small rabbits. One for each of us. â€Å"I would rather run for my life and be killed for it then die living here† I say as we walk down the bank and into the thick of the trees. Birds fly around us, calling to another as we pass a small nest in a tree. â€Å"Birds are free and carefree, why can’t we be?† â€Å"Because apparently we are the livestock and the marsh is the slaughterhouse just waiting for the beef truck,† I say as weShow MoreRelatedWorld of Leptospirosis2684 Words   |  11 Pagesbacterial infection in humans. The infection is commonly transmitted to humans by allowing water that has been contaminated by animal urine to come in contact with unhealed breaks in the skin, the eyes, or with the mucous membranes. Outside of tropical areas, leptospirosis cases have a relatively distinct seasonality with most of them occurring August–September/February–March. History Leptospirosis was postulated as the cause of an epidemic among native Americans along the coast of present-day MassachusettsRead MoreOcean Habitats2966 Words   |  12 PagesAn Ocean habitat is a place where communities of organisms live. 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Prelude to Foundation Chapter 14 Billibotton Free Essays

string(66) " before marching through the common room into the family bedroom\." DAHL-†¦ Oddly enough, the best-known aspect of this sector is Billibotton, a semi-legendary place about which innumerable tales have grown up. In fact, a whole branch of literature now exists in which heroes and adventurers (and victims) must dare the dangers of passing through Billibotton. So stylized have these stories become that the one well-known and, presumably, authentic tale involving such a passage, that of Hari Seldon and Dors Venabili, has come to seem fantastic simply by association†¦ Encyclopedia Galactica 66. We will write a custom essay sample on Prelude to Foundation Chapter 14 Billibotton or any similar topic only for you Order Now When Hari Seldon and Dors Venabili were alone, Dors asked thoughtfully, â€Å"Are you really planning to see this ‘Mother’ woman?† â€Å"I’m thinking about it, Dors.† â€Å"You’re an odd one, Hari. You seem to go steadily from bad to worse. You went Upperside, which seemed harmless enough, for a rational purpose when you were in Streeling. Then, in Mycogen, you broke into the Elders’ aerie, a much more dangerous task, for a much more foolish purpose. And now in Dahl, you want to go to this place, which that young man seems to think is simple suicide, for something altogether nonsensical.† â€Å"I’m curious about this reference to Earth-and must know if there’s anything to it.† Dors said, â€Å"It’s a legend and not even an interesting one. It is routine. The names differ from planet to planet, but the content is the same. There is always the tale of an original world and a golden age. There is a longing for a supposedly simple and virtuous past that is almost universal among the people of a complex and vicious society. In one way or another, this is true of all societies, since everyone imagines his or her own society to be too complex and vicious, however simple it may be. Mark that down for your psychohistory.† â€Å"Just the same,† said Seldon, â€Å"I have to consider the possibility that one world did once exist. Aurora†¦ Earth†¦ the name doesn’t matter. In fact-â€Å" He paused and finally Dors said, â€Å"Well?† Seldon shook his head. â€Å"Do you remember the hand-on-thigh story you told me in Mycogen? It was right after I got the Book from Raindrop Forty-Three†¦ Well, it popped into my head one evening recently when we were talking to the Tisalvers. I said something that reminded me, for an instant-â€Å" â€Å"Reminded you of what?† â€Å"I don’t remember. It came into my head and went out again, but somehow every time I think of the single-world notion, it seems to me I have the tips of my fingers on something and then lose it.† Dors looked at Seldon in surprise. â€Å"I don’t see what it could be. The hand-on-thigh story has nothing to do with Earth or Aurora.† â€Å"I know, but this†¦ thing†¦ that hovers just past the edge of my mind seems to be connected with this single world anyway and I have the feeling that I must find out more about it at any cost. That†¦ and robots.† â€Å"Robots too? I thought the Elders’ aerie put an end to that.† â€Å"Not at all. I’ve been thinking about them.† He stared at Dors with a troubled look on his face for a long moment, then said, â€Å"But I’m not sure.† â€Å"Sure about what, Hari?† But Seldon merely shook his head and said nothing more. Dors frowned, then said, â€Å"Hari, let me tell you one thing. In sober history-and, believe me, I know what I’m talking about there is no mention of one world of origin. It’s a popular belief, I admit. I don’t mean just among the unsophisticated followers of folklore, like the Mycogenians and the Dahlite heatsinkers, but there are biologists who insist that there must have been one world of origin for reasons that are well outside my area of expertise and there are the more mystical historians who tend to speculate about it. And among the leisure-class intellectuals, I understand such speculations are becoming fashionable. Still, scholarly history knows nothing about it.† Seldon said, â€Å"All the more reason, perhaps, to go beyond scholarly history. All I want is a device that will simplify psychohistory for me and I don’t care what the device is, whether it is a mathematical trick or a historical trick or something totally imaginary. If the young man we’ve just talked to had had a little more formal training, I’d have set him on the problem. His thinking is marked by considerable ingenuity and originality-â€Å" Dors said, â€Å"And you’re really going to help him, then?† â€Å"Absolutely. Just as soon as I’m in a position to.† â€Å"But ought you to make promises you’re not sure you’ll be able to keep?† â€Å"I want to keep it. If you’re that stiff about impossible promises, consider that Hummin told Sunmaster Fourteen that I’d use psychohistory to get the Mycogenians their world back. There’s just about zero chance of that. Even if I work out psychohistory, who knows if it can be used for so narrow and specialized a purpose? There’s a real case of promising what one can’t deliver.† But Dors said with some heat, â€Å"Chetter Hummin was trying to save our lives, to keep us out of the hands of Demerzel and the Emperor. Don’t forget that. And I think he really would like to help the Mycogenians.† â€Å"And I really would like to help Yugo Amaryl and I am far more likely to be able to help him than I am the Mycogenians, so if you justify the second, please don’t criticize the first. What’s more, Dors†-and his eyes flashed angrily-â€Å"I really would like to find Mother Rittah and I’m prepared to go alone.† â€Å"Never!† snapped Dors. â€Å"If you go, I go.† 67. Mistress Tisalver returned with her daughter in tow an hour after Amaryl had left on this way to his shift. She said nothing at all to either Seldon or Dors, but gave a curt nod of her head when they greeted her and gazed sharply about the room as though to verify that the heatsinker had left no trace. She then sniffed the air sharply and looked at Seldon accusingly before marching through the common room into the family bedroom. You read "Prelude to Foundation Chapter 14 Billibotton" in category "Essay examples" Tisalver himself arrived home later and when Seldon and Dors came to the dinner table, Tisalver took advantage of the fact that his wife was still ordering some last-minute details in connection with the dinner to say in a low voice, â€Å"Has that person been here?† â€Å"And gone,† said Seldon solemnly. â€Å"Your wife was out at the time.† Tisalver nodded and said, â€Å"Will you have to do this again?† â€Å"I don’t think so,† said Seldon. â€Å"Good.† Dinner passed largely in silence, but afterward, when the daughter had gone to her room for the dubious pleasures of computer practice, Seldon leaned back and said, â€Å"Tell me about Billibotton.† Tisalver looked astonished and his mouth moved without any sound issuing. Casilia, however, was less easily rendered speechless. She said, â€Å"Is that where your new friend lives? Are you going to return the visit?† â€Å"So far,† said Seldon quietly, â€Å"I have just asked about Billibotton.† Casilia said sharply, â€Å"It is a slum. The dregs live there. No one goes there, except the filth that make their homes there.† â€Å"I understand a Mother Rittah lives there.† â€Å"I never heard of her,† said Casilia, her mouth closing with a snap. It was quite clear that she had no intention of knowing anyone by name who lived in Billibotton. Tisalver, casting an uneasy look at his wife, said, â€Å"I’ve heard of her. She’s a crazy old woman who is supposed to tell fortunes.† â€Å"And does she live in Billibotton?† â€Å"I don’t know, Master Seldon. I’ve never seen her. She’s mentioned sometimes in the news holocasts when she makes her predictions.† â€Å"Do they come true?† Tisalver snorted. â€Å"Do predictions ever come true? Hers don’t even make sense.† â€Å"Does she ever talk about Earth?† â€Å"I don’t know. I wouldn’t be surprised.† â€Å"The mention of Earth doesn’t puzzle you. Do you know about Earth?† Now Tisalver looked surprised. â€Å"Certainly, Master Seldon. It’s the world all people came from†¦ supposedly.† â€Å"Supposedly? Don’t you believe it?† â€Å"Me? I’m educated. But many ignorant people believe it.† â€Å"Are there book-films about Earth?† â€Å"Children’s stories sometimes mention Earth. I remember, when I was a young boy, my favorite story began, ‘Once, long ago, on Earth, when Earth was the only planet-‘ Remember, Casilia? You liked it too.† Casilia shrugged, unwilling to bend as yet. â€Å"I’d like to see it sometime,† said Seldon, â€Å"but I mean real book-films†¦ uh†¦ learned ones†¦ or films†¦ or printouts.† â€Å"I never heard of any, but the library-â€Å" â€Å"I’ll try that.-Are there any taboos about speaking of Earth?† â€Å"What are taboos?† â€Å"I mean, is it a strong custom that people mustn’t talk of Earth or that outsiders mustn’t ask about it?† Tisalver looked so honestly astonished that there seemed no point in waiting for an answer. Dors put in, â€Å"Is there some rule about outsiders not going to Billibotton?† Now Tisalver turned earnest. â€Å"No rule, but it’s not a good idea for anyone to go there. I wouldn’t.† Dors said, â€Å"Why not?† â€Å"It’s dangerous. Violent! Everyone is armed.-I mean, Dahl is an armed place anyway, but in Billibotton they use the weapons. Stay in this neighborhood. It’s safe.† â€Å"So far,† said Casilia darkly. â€Å"It would be better if we left altogether. Heatsinkers go anywhere these days.† And there was another lowering look in Seldon’s direction. Seldon said, â€Å"What do you mean that Dahl is an armed place? There are strong Imperial regulations against weapons.† â€Å"I know that,† said Tisalver, â€Å"and there are no stun guns here or percussives or Psychic Probes or anything like that. But there are knives.† He looked embarrassed. Dors said, â€Å"Do you carry a knife, Tisalver?† â€Å"Me?† He looked genuinely horrified. â€Å"I am a man of peace and this is a safe neighborhood.† â€Å"We have a couple of them in the house,† said Casilia, sniffing again. â€Å"We’re not that certain this is a safe neighborhood.† â€Å"Does everyone carry knives?† asked Dors. â€Å"Almost everyone, Mistress Venabili,† said Tisalver. â€Å"It’s customary. But that doesn’t mean everyone uses them.† â€Å"But they use them in Billibotton, I suppose,† said Dors. â€Å"Sometimes. When they’re excited, they have fights.† â€Å"And the government permits it? The Imperial government, I mean?† â€Å"Sometimes they try to clean Billibotton up, but knives are too easy to hide and the custom is too strong. Besides, it’s almost always Dahlites that get killed and I don’t think the Imperial government gets too upset over that.† â€Å"What if it’s an outsider who gets killed?† â€Å"If it’s reported, the Imperials could get excited. But what happens is that no one has seen anything and no one knows anything. The Imperials sometimes round up people on general principles, but they can never prove anything. I suppose they decide it’s the outsiders’ fault for being there.-So don’t go to Billibotton, even if you have a knife.† Seldon shook his head rather pettishly. â€Å"I wouldn’t carry a knife. I don’t know how to use one. Not skillfully.† â€Å"Then it’s simple, Master Seldon. Stay out.† Tisalver shook his head portentously. â€Å"Just stay out.† â€Å"I may not be able to do that either,† said Seldon. Dors glared at him, clearly annoyed, and said to Tisalver, â€Å"Where does one buy a knife? Or may we have one of yours?† Casilia said quickly, â€Å"No one takes someone else’s knife. You must buy your own.† Tisalver said, â€Å"There are knife stores all over. There aren’t supposed to be. Theoretically they’re illegal, you know. Any appliance store sells them, however. If you see a washing machine on display, that’s a sure sign.† â€Å"And how does one get to Billibotton?† asked Seldon. â€Å"By Expressway.† Tisalver looked dubious as he looked at Dors’s frowning expression. Seldon said, â€Å"And once I reach the Expressway?† â€Å"Get on the eastbound side and watch for the signs. But if you must go, Master Seldon†-Tisalver hesitated, then said-â€Å"you mustn’t take Mistress Venabili. Women sometimes are treated†¦ worse.† â€Å"She won’t go,† said Seldon. â€Å"I’m afraid she will,† said Dors with quiet determination. 68. The appliance store dealer’s mustache was clearly as lush as it had been in his younger days, but it was grizzled now, even though the hair on his head was still black. He touched the mustache out of sheer habit as he gazed at Dors and brushed it back on each side. He said, â€Å"You’re not a Dahlite.† â€Å"Yes, but I still want a knife.† He said, â€Å"It’s against the law to sell knives.† Dors said, â€Å"I’m not a policewoman or a government agent of any sort. I’m going to Billibotton.† He stared at her thoughtfully. â€Å"Alone?† â€Å"With my friend.† She jerked her thumb over her shoulder in the direction of Seldon, who was waiting outside sullenly. â€Å"You’re buying it for him?† He stared at Seldon and it didn’t take him long to decide. â€Å"He’s an outsider too. Let him come in and buy it for himself.† â€Å"He’s not a government agent either. And I’m buying it for myself.† The dealer shook his head. â€Å"Outsiders are crazy. But if you want to spend some credits, I’ll take them from you.† He reached under the counter, brought out a stub, turned it with a slight and expert motion, and the knife blade emerged. â€Å"Is that the largest you have?† â€Å"Best woman’s knife made.† â€Å"Show me a man’s knife.† â€Å"You don’t want one that’s too heavy. Do you know how to use one of these things?† â€Å"I’ll learn and I’m not worried about heavy. Show me a man’s knife.† The dealer smiled. â€Å"Well, if you want to see one-â€Å" He moved farther down the counter and brought up a much fatter stub. He gave it a twist and what appeared to be a butcher’s knife emerged. He handed it to her, handle first, still smiling. She said, â€Å"Show me that twist of yours.† He showed her on a second knife, slowly twisting one way to make the blade appear, then the other way to make it disappear. â€Å"Twist and squeeze,† he said. â€Å"Do it again, sir.† The dealer obliged. Dors said, â€Å"All right, close it and toss me the haft.† He did, in a slow upward loop. She caught it, handed it back, and said, â€Å"Faster.† He raised his eyebrows and then, without warning, backhanded it to her left side. She made no attempt to bring over her right hand, but caught it with her left and the blade showed tumescently at once-then disappeared. The dealer’s mouth fell open. â€Å"And this is the largest you have?† she said. â€Å"It is. If you try to use it, it will just tire you out.† â€Å"I’ll breathe deeply. I’ll take a second one too.† â€Å"For your friend?† â€Å"No. For me.† â€Å"You plan on using two knives?† â€Å"I’ve got two hands.† The dealer sighed. â€Å"Mistress, please stay out of Billibotton. You don’t know what they do to women there.† â€Å"I can guess. How do I put these knives on my belt?† â€Å"Not the one you’ve got on, Mistress. That’s not a knife belt. I can sell you one, though.† â€Å"Will it hold two knives?† â€Å"I might have a double belt somewhere. Not much call for them.† â€Å"I’m calling for them.† â€Å"I may not have it in your size.† â€Å"Then we’ll cut it down or something.† â€Å"It will cost you a lot of credits.† â€Å"My credit tile will cover it.† When she emerged at last, Seldon said sourly, â€Å"You look ridiculous with that bulky belt.† â€Å"Really, Hari? Too ridiculous to go with you to Billibotton? Then let’s both go back to the apartment.† â€Å"No. I’ll go on by myself. I’ll be safer by myself.† Dors said, â€Å"There is no use saying that, Hari. We both go back or we both go forward. Under no circumstances do we separate.† And somehow the firm look in her blue eyes, the set to her lips, and the manner in which her hands had dropped to the hafts at her belt, convinced Seldon she was serious. â€Å"Very well,† he said, â€Å"but if you survive and if I ever see Hummin again, my price for continuing to work on psychohistory-much as I have grown fond of you-will be your removal. Do you understand?† And suddenly Dors smiled. â€Å"Forget it. Don’t practice your chivalry on me. Nothing will remove me. Do you understand?† 69. They got off the Expressway where the sign, flickering in the air, said: BILLIBOTTON. As perhaps an indication of what might be expected, the second ‘I’ was smeared, a mere blob of fainter light. They made their way out of the car and down to the walkway below. It was early afternoon and at first glance, Billibotton seemed much like the part of Dahl they had left. The air, however, had a pungent aroma and the walkway was littered with trash. One could tell that auto-sweeps were not to be found in the neighborhood. And, although the walkway looked ordinary enough, the atmosphere was uncomfortable and as tense as a too-tightly coiled spring. Perhaps it was the people. There seemed the normal number of pedestrians, but they were not like pedestrians elsewhere, Seldon thought. Ordinarily, in the press of business, pedestrians were self-absorbed and in the endless crowds on the endless thoroughfares of Trantor, people could only survive-psychologically-by ignoring each other. Eyes slid away. Brains were closed off. There was an artificial privacy with each person enclosed in a velvet fog of his or her own making. Or there was the ritualistic friendliness of an evening promenade in those neighborhoods that indulged in such things. But here in Billibotton, there was neither friendliness nor neutral withdrawal. At least not where outsiders were concerned. Every person who passed, moving in either direction, turned to stare at Se ldon and Dors. Every pair of eyes, as though attached by invisible cords to the two outsiders, followed them with ill will. The clothing of the Billibottoners tended to be smudged, old, and sometimes corn. There was a patina of ill-washed poverty over them and Seldon felt uneasy at the slickness of his own new clothes. He said, â€Å"Where in Billibotton does Mother Rittah live, do you suppose?† â€Å"I don’t know,† said Dors. â€Å"You brought us here, so you do the supposing. I intend to confine myself to the task of protection and I think I’m going to find it necessary to do just that.† Seldon said, â€Å"I assumed it would only be necessary to ask the way of any passerby, but somehow I’m not encouraged to do so.† â€Å"I don’t blame you. I don’t think you’ll find anyone springing to your assistance.† â€Å"On the other hand, there are such things as youngsters.† He indicated one with a brief gesture of one hand. A boy who looked to be about twelve-in any case young enough to lack the universal adult male mustache had come to a full halt and was staring at them. Dors said, â€Å"You’re guessing that a boy that age has not yet developed the full Billibottonian dislike of outsiders.† â€Å"At any rate,† said Seldon, â€Å"I’m guessing he is scarcely large enough to have developed the full Billibottonian penchant for violence. I suppose he might run away and shout insults from a distance if we approach him, but I doubt he’ll attack us.† Seldon raised his voice. â€Å"Young man.† The boy took a step backward and continued to stare. Seldon said, â€Å"Come here,† and beckoned. The boy said, â€Å"Wa’ for, guy?† â€Å"So I can ask you directions. Come closer, so I don’t have to shout.† The boy approached two steps closer. His face was smudged, but his eyes were bright and sharp. His sandals were of different make and there was a large patch on one leg of his trousers. He said, â€Å"Wa’ kind o’ directions?† â€Å"We’re trying to find Mother Rittah.† The boy’s eyes flickered. â€Å"Wa’ for, guy?† â€Å"I’m a scholar. Do you know what a scholar is?† â€Å"Ya went to school?† â€Å"Yes. Didn’t you?† The boy spat to one side in contempt. â€Å"Nah.† â€Å"I want advice from Mother Rittah-if you’ll take me to her.† â€Å"Ya want your fortune? Ya come to Billibotton, guy, with your fancy clothes, so I can tell ya your fortune. All bad.† â€Å"What’s your name, young man?† â€Å"What’s it to ya?† â€Å"So we can speak in a more friendly fashion. And so you can take me to Mother Rittah’s place. Do you know where she lives?† â€Å"Maybe yes, maybe no. My name’s Raych. What’s in it for me if I take ya?† â€Å"What would you like, Raych?† The boy’s eyes halted at Dors’s belt. Raych said, â€Å"The lady got a couple o’ knives. Gimme one and I’ll take ya to Mother Rittah.† â€Å"Those are grown people’s knives, Raych. You’re too young.† â€Å"Then I guess I’m too young to know where Mother Rittah lives.† And he looked up slyly through the shaggy halt that curtained his eyes. Seldon grew uneasy. It was possible they might attract a crowd. Several men had stopped already, but had then moved on when nothing of interest seemed to be taking place. If, however, the boy grew angry and lashed out at them in word or deed, people would undoubtedly gather. He smiled and said, â€Å"Can you read, Raych?† Raych spat again. â€Å"Nah! Who wants to read?† â€Å"Can you use a computer?† â€Å"A talking computer? Sure. Anyone can.† â€Å"I’ll tell you what, then. You take me to the nearest computer store and I’ll buy you a little computer all your own and software that will teach you to read. A few weeks and you’ll be able to read.† It seemed to Seldon that the boy’s eyes sparkled at the thought, but-if so-they hardened at once. â€Å"Nah, Knife or nothin’.† â€Å"That’s the point, Raych. You learn to read and don’t tell anyone and you can surprise people. After a while you can bet them you can read. Bet them five credits. You can win a few extra credits that way and you can buy a knife of your own.† The boy hesitated. â€Å"Nah! No one will bet me. No one got credits.† â€Å"If you can read, you can get a job in a knife store and you can save your wages and get a knife at a discount. How about that?† â€Å"When ya gonna buy the talking computer?† â€Å"Right now. I’ll give it to you when I see Mother Rittah.† â€Å"You got credits?† â€Å"I have a credit tile.† â€Å"Let’s see ya buy the computer.† The transaction was carried through, but when the boy reached for it, Seldon shook his head and put it inside his pouch. â€Å"You’ve got to get me to Mother Rittah first, Raych. Are you sure you know where to find her?† Raych allowed a look of contempt to cross his face. â€Å"Sure I do. I’ll take ya there, only ya better hand over the computer when we get there or I’ll get some guys I know after you and the lady, so ya better watch out.† â€Å"You don’t have to threaten us,† said Seldon. â€Å"We’ll take care of our end of the deal.† Raych led them quickly along the walkway, past curious stares. Seldon was silent during the walk and so was Dors. Dors was far less lost in her own thoughts, though, for she clearly remained conscious of the surrounding people at all times. She kept meeting, with a level glare, the eyes of those passersby that turned toward them. On occasion, when there were footsteps behind them, she turned to look grimly back. And then Raych stopped and said, â€Å"In here. She ain’t homeless, ya know.† They followed him into an apartment complex and Seldon, who had had the intention of following their route with a view to retracing his steps later, was quickly lost. He said, â€Å"How do you know your way through these alleys, Raych?† The boy shrugged. â€Å"I been loafin’ through them since I was a kid,† he said. â€Å"Besides, the apartments are numbered-where they ain’t broken off-and there’s arrows and things. You can’t get lost if you know the tricks.† Raych knew the tricks, apparently, and they wandered deeper into the complex. Hanging over it all was an air of total decay: disregarded debris, inhabitants slinking past in clear resentment of the outsiders’ invasion. Unruly youngsters ran along the alleys in pursuit of some game or other. Some of them yelled, â€Å"Hey, get out o’ the way!† when their levitating ball narrowly missed Dors. And finally, Raych stopped before a dark scarred door on which the number 2782 glowed feebly. â€Å"This is it,† he said and held out his hand. â€Å"First let’s see who’s inside,† said Seldon softly. He pushed the signal button and nothing happened. â€Å"It don’t work,† said Raych. â€Å"Ya gotta bang. Loud. She don’t hear too good.† Seldon pounded his fist on the door and was rewarded with the sound of movement inside. A shrill voice called out, â€Å"Who wants Mother Rittah?† Seldon shouted, â€Å"Two scholars!† He tossed the small computer, with its small package of software attached, to Raych, who snatched it, grinned, and took off at a rapid run. Seldon then turned to face the opening door and Mother Rittah. 70. Mother Rittah was well into her seventies, perhaps, but had the kind of face that, at first sight, seemed to belie that. Plump cheeks, a little mouth, a small round chin slightly doubled. She was very short-not quite 1.5 meters tall-and had a thick body. But there were fine wrinkles about her eyes and when she smiled, as she smiled at the sight of them, others broke out over her face. And she moved with difficulty. â€Å"Come in, come in,† she said in a soft high-pitched voice and peered at them as though her eyesight was beginning to fail. â€Å"Outsiders†¦ Outworlders even. Am I right? You don’t seem to have the Trantor smell about you.† Seldon wished she hadn’t mentioned smell. The apartment, overcrowded and littered with small possessions that seemed dim and dusty, reeked with food odors that were on the edge of rancidity. The air was so thick and clinging that he was sure his clothes would smell strongly of it when they left. He said, â€Å"You are right, Mother Rittah. I am Hari Seldon of Helicon. My friend is Dors Venabili of Cinna.† â€Å"So,† she said, looking about for an unoccupied spot on the floor where she could invite them to sit, but finding none suitable. Dors said, â€Å"We are willing to stand, Mother.† â€Å"What?† she looked up at Dors. â€Å"You must speak briskly, my child. My hearing is not what it was when I was your age.† â€Å"Why don’t you get a hearing device?† said Seldon, raising his voice. â€Å"It wouldn’t help, Master Seldon. Something seems to be wrong with the nerve and I have no money for nerve rebuilding.-You have come to learn the future from old Mother Rittah?† â€Å"Not quite,† said Seldon. â€Å"I have come to learn the past.† â€Å"Excellent. It is such a strain to decide what people want to hear.† â€Å"It must be quite an art,† said Dors, smiling. â€Å"It seems easy, but one has to he properly convincing. I earn my fees.† â€Å"If you have a credit outlet,† said Seldon. â€Å"We will pay any reasonable fees if you tell us about Earth-without cleverly designing what you tell us to suit what we want to hear. We wish to hear the truth.† The old woman, who had been shuffling about the room, making adjustments here and there, as though to make it all prettier and more suitable for important visitors, stopped short. â€Å"What do you want to know about Earth?† â€Å"What is it, to begin with?† The old woman turned and seemed to gaze off into space. When she spoke, her voice was low and steady. â€Å"It is a world, a very old planet. It is forgotten and lost.† Dors said, â€Å"It is not part of history. We know that much.† â€Å"It comes before history, child,† said Mother Rittah solemnly. â€Å"It existed in the dawn of the Galaxy and before the dawn. It was the only world with humanity.† She nodded firmly. Seldon said, â€Å"Was another name for Earth†¦ Aurora?† And now Mother Rittah’s face misted into a frown. â€Å"Where did you hear that?† â€Å"In my wanderings. I have heard of an old forgotten world named Aurora on which humanity lived in primordial peace.† â€Å"It’s a lie.† She wiped her mouth as though to get the taste of what she had just heard out of it. â€Å"That name you mention must never be mentioned except as the place of Evil. It was the beginning of Evil. Earth was alone till Evil came, along with its sister worlds. Evil nearly destroyed Earth, but Earth rallied and destroyed Evil-with the help of heroes.† â€Å"Earth was before this Evil. Are you sure of that?† â€Å"Long before. Earth was alone in the Galaxy for thousands of years-millions of years.† â€Å"Millions of years? Humanity existed on it for millions of years with no other people on any other world?† â€Å"That’s true. That’s true. That’s true.† â€Å"But how do you know all this? Is it all in a computer program? Or a printout? Do you have anything I can read?† Mother Rittah shook her head. â€Å"I heard the old stories from my mother, who heard it from hers, and so on far back. I have no children, so I tell the stories to others, but it may come to an end. This is a time of disbelief.† Dors said, â€Å"Not really, Mother. There are people who speculate about prehistoric times and who study some of the tales of lost worlds.† Mother Rittah made a motion of her arm as though to wipe it away. â€Å"They look at it with cold eyes. Scholarly. They try to fit it in with their notions. I could tell you stories for a year of the great hero Ba-Lee, but you would have no time to listen and I have lost the strength to tell.† Seldon said, â€Å"Have you ever heard of robots?† The old woman shuddered and her voice was almost a scream. â€Å"Why do you ask such things? Those were artificial human beings, evil in themselves and the work of the Evil worlds. They were destroyed and should never be mentioned.† â€Å"There was one special robot, wasn’t there, that the Evil worlds hated?† Mother Rittah tottered toward Seldon and peered into his eyes. He could feel her hot breath on his face. â€Å"Have you come to mock me? You know of these things and yet you ask? Why do you ask?† â€Å"Because I wish to know.† â€Å"There was an artificial human being who helped Earth. He was Da-Nee, friend of Ba-Lee. He never died and lives somewhere, waiting for his time to return. None knows when that time will be, but someday he will come and restore the great old days and remove all cruelty, injustice, and misery. That is the promise.† At this, she closed her eyes and smiled, as if remembering†¦ Seldon waited a while in silence, then sighed and said, â€Å"Thank you, Mother Rittah. You have been very helpful. What is your fee?† â€Å"So pleasant to meet Outworlders,† the old woman replied. â€Å"Ten credits. May I offer you some refreshment?† â€Å"No, thank you,† said Seldon earnestly. â€Å"Please take twenty. You need only tell us how to get back to the Expressway from here.-And, Mother Rittah, if you can arrange to have some of your tales of Earth put into a computer disc, I will pay you well.† â€Å"I would need so much strength. How well?† â€Å"It would depend on how long the story is and how well it is told. I might pay a thousand credits.† Mother Rittah licked her lips. â€Å"A thousand credits? But how will I find you when the story is told?† â€Å"I will give you the computer code number at which I can be reached.† After Seldon gave Mother Rittah the code number, he and Dors left, thankful for the comparatively clean odor of the alley outside. They walked briskly in the direction indicated by the old woman. Dors said, â€Å"That wasn’t a very long interview, Hari.† â€Å"I know. The surroundings were terribly unpleasant and I felt I had learned enough. Amazing how these folktales tend to magnify.† â€Å"What do you mean, ‘magnify’?† â€Å"Well, the Mycogenians fill their Aurora with human beings who lived for centuries and the Dahlites fill their Earth with a humanity that lived for millions of years. And both talk of a robot that lives forever. Still, it makes one think.† â€Å"As far as millions of years go, there’s room for- Where are we going?† â€Å"Mother Rittah said we go in this direction till we reach a rest area, then follow the sign for CENTRAL WALKWAY, bearing left, and keep on following the sign. Did we pass a rest area on the way in?† â€Å"We may be leaving by a route different from the one we came in. I don’t remember a rest area, but I wasn’t watching the route. I was keeping my eye on the people we passed and-â€Å" Her voice died away. Up ahead the alley swelled outward on both sides. Seldon remembered. They had passed that way. There had been a couple of ratty couch pads resting on the walkway floor on either side. There was, however, no need for Dors to watch passersby going out as she had coming in. There were no passersby. But up ahead in the rest area they spotted a group of men, rather large-sized for Dahlites, mustaches bristling, bare upper arms muscular and glistening under the yellowish indoor light of the walkway. Clearly, they were waiting for the Outworlders and, almost automatically, Seldon and Dors came to a halt. For a moment or two, the tableau held. Then Seldon looked behind him hastily. Two or three additional men had stepped into view. Seldon said between his teeth, â€Å"We’re trapped. I should not have let you come, Dors.† â€Å"On the contrary. This is why I’m here, but was it worth your seeing Mother Rittah?† â€Å"If we get out of this, it was.† Seldon then said in a loud and firm voice, â€Å"May we pass?† One of the men ahead stepped forward. He was fully Seldon’s height of 1.73 meters, but broader in the shoulders and much more muscular. A bit flabby at the waist, though, Seldon noted. â€Å"I’m Marron,† he said with self-satisfied significance, as though the name ought to have meaning, â€Å"and I’m here to tell you we don’t like Outworlders in our district. You want to come in, all right-but if you want to leave, you’ll have to pay.† â€Å"Very well. How much?† â€Å"All you’ve got. You rich Outworlders have credit tiles, right? Just hand them over.† â€Å"No.† â€Å"No point saying no. We’ll just take them.† â€Å"You can’t take them without killing me or hurting me and they won’t work without my voiceprint. My normal voiceprint.† â€Å"That’s not so, Master-see, I’m being polite-we can take them away from you without hurting you very much.† â€Å"How many of you big strong men will it take? Nine? No.† Seldon counted rapidly. â€Å"Ten.† â€Å"Just one. Me.† â€Å"With no help?† â€Å"Just me.† â€Å"If the rest of you will clear away and give us room, I would like to see you try it, Marron.† â€Å"You don’t have a knife, Master. You want one?† â€Å"No, use yours to make the fight even. I’ll fight without one.† Marron looked about at the others and said, â€Å"Hey, this puny guy is a sport. He don’t even sound scared. That’s sort of nice. It would be a shame to hurt him. I tell you what, Master. I’ll take the girl. If you want me to stop, hand over your credit tile and her tile and use your right voices to activate them. If you say no, then after I’m through with the girl†¦ and that’ll take some time†-he laughed-â€Å"I’ll just have to hurt you.† â€Å"No,† said Seldon. â€Å"Let the woman go. I’ve challenged you to a fight-one to one, you with a knife, me without. If you want bigger odds, I’ll fight two of you, but let the woman go.† â€Å"Stop, Hari!† cried out Dors. â€Å"If he wants me, let him come and get me. You stay right where you are, Hari, and don’t move.† â€Å"You hear that?† said Marron, grinning broadly. † ‘You stay right where you are, Hari, and don’t move.’ I think the little lady wants me. You two, keep him still.† Each of Seldon’s arms were caught in an iron grip and he felt the sharp point of a knife in his back. â€Å"Don’t move,† said a harsh whisper in his ear, â€Å"and you can watch. The lady will probably like it. Marron’s pretty good at this.† Dors called out again. â€Å"Don’t move, Hari!† She turned to face Marron watchfully, her half-closed hands poised near her belt. He closed in on her purposefully and she waited till he had come within arm’s length, when suddenly her own arms flashed and Marron found himself facing two large knives. For a moment, he leaned backward and then he laughed. â€Å"The little lady has two knives-knives like the big boys have. And I’ve only got one. But that’s fair enough.† His knife was swiftly out. â€Å"I hate to have to cut you, little lady, because it will be more fun for both of us if I don’t. Maybe I can just knock them out of your hands, huh?† Dors said, â€Å"I don’t want to kill you. I’ll do all I can to avoid doing so. Just the same, I call on all to witness, that if I do kill you, it is to protect my friend, as I am honor-bound to do.† Marron pretended to be terrified. â€Å"Oh, please don’t kill me, little lady.† Then he burst into laughter and was joined by the other Dahlites present. Marron lunged with his knife, quite wide of the mark. He tried it again, then a third time, but Dors never budged. She made no attempt to fend off any motion that was not truly aimed at her. Marron’s expression darkened. He was trying to make her respond with panic, but he was only making himself seem ineffectual. The next lunge was directly at her and Dors’s left-hand blade moved flashingly and caught his with a force that pushed his arm aside. Her right-hand blade flashed inward and made a diagonal slit in his T-shirt. A thin bloody line smeared the dark-haired skin beneath. Marron looked down at himself in shock as the onlookers gasped in surprise. Seldon felt the grip on him weaken slightly as the two who held him were distracted by a duel not going quite as they had expected. He tensed himself. Now Marron lunged again and this time his left hand shot outward to enclose Dors’s right wrist. Again Dors’s left-hand blade caught his knife and held it motionless, while her right hand twisted agilely and drew downward, even as Marron’s left hand closed upon it. It closed on nothing but the blade and when he opened his hand there was a bloody line down the palm. Dors sprang back and Marron, aware of the blood on his chest and hand, roared out chokingly, â€Å"Someone toss me another knife!† There was hesitation and then one of the onlookers tossed his own knife underhanded. Marron reached for it, but Dors was quicker. Her right-hand blade struck the thrown knife and sent it flying backward, whirling as it went. Seldon felt the grips on his arms weaken further. He lifted them suddenly, pushing up and forward, and was free. His two captors turned toward him with a sudden shout, but he quickly kneed one in the groin and elbowed the other in the solar plexus and both went down. He knelt to draw the knives of each and rose as double-armed as Dors. Unlike Dors, Seldon did not know how to handle the blades, but he knew the Dahlites would scarcely be aware of that. Dors said, â€Å"Just keep them off, Hari. Don’t attack yet.-Marron, my next stroke will not be a scratch.† Marron, totally enraged, roared incoherently and charged blindly, attempting by sheer kinetic energy to overwhelm his opponent. Dors, dipping and sidestepping, ducked under his right arm, kicked her foot against his right ankle, and down he crashed, his knife flying. She then knelt, placed one blade against the back of his neck and the other against his throat, and said, â€Å"Yield!† With another yell, Marron struck out against her with one arm, pushed her to one side, then scrambled to his feet. He had not yet stood up completely when she was upon him, one knife slashing downward and hacking away a section of his mustache. This time he yowled like a large animal in agony, clapping his hand to his face. When he drew it away, it was dripping blood. Dors shouted, â€Å"It won’t grow again, Marron. Some of the lip went with it. Attack once more and you’re dead meat.† She waited, but Marron had had enough. He stumbled away, moaning, leaving a trail of blood. Dors turned toward the others. The two that Seldon had knocked down were still lying there, unarmed and not anxious to get up. She bent down, cut their belts with one of her knives and then slit their trousers. â€Å"This way, you’ll have to hold your pants up when you walk,† she said. She stared at the seven men still on their feet, who were watching her with awestruck fascination. â€Å"And which of you threw the knife?† There was silence. She said, â€Å"It doesn’t matter to me. Come one at a time or all together, but each time I slash, someone dies.† And with one accord, the seven turned and scurried away. Dors lifted her eyebrows and said to Seldon, â€Å"This time, at least, Hummin can’t complain that I failed to protect you.† Seldon said, â€Å"I still can’t believe what I saw. I didn’t know you could do anything like that-or talk like that either.† Dors merely smiled. â€Å"You have your talents too. We make a good pair. Here, retract your knife blades and put them into your pouch. I think the news will spread with enormous speed and we can get out of Billibotton without fear of being stopped.† She was quite right. How to cite Prelude to Foundation Chapter 14 Billibotton, Essay examples

Accident Report Sample free essay sample

How to Write a Good Accident or Incident  Report An  incident report  needs to include all the essential information about the accident or near-miss. The report-writing process  begins with fact finding and ends with recommendations for preventing future accidents. You may use a special incident reporting form, and it might be quite extensive. But writing any incident report involves four basic steps, and those are the focus of today’s post. 1. Find the Facts To prepare for writing an accident report, you have to gather and record all the facts. For example:  · Date, time, and specific location of incident. Names, job titles, and department of employees involved and immediate supervisor(s)  · Names and accounts of witnesses  · Events leading up to incident  · Exactly what employee was doing at the moment of the accident  ·Ã‚  Environmental  conditions (e. g. slippery floor, inadequate lighting, noise, etc. )  · Circumstances (including tasks, equipment, tools, materials,  PPE, etc. )  · Specific  injuries  (including part(s) of body injured and nature and extent of injuries)  · Type of treatment for injuries  · Damage to equipment, materials, etc. We will write a custom essay sample on Accident Report Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 2. Determine the Sequence Based on the facts, you should be able to determine the  sequence of events. In your report, describe this sequence in detail, including:  ·Ã‚  Events leading up to the incident. Was the employee walking, running, bending over, squatting, climbing, lifting operating machinery, pushing a broom, turning a valve, using a tool, handling  hazardous materials, etc.?  ·Ã‚  Events involved in the incident. Was the employee struck by an object or caught in/on/between objects? Did the worker fall on the same level or from a height? Did the employee inhale hazardous vapors or get splashed with a hazardous chemical? Events immediately following the incident. What did the employee do: Grab a knee? Start limping? Hold his/her arm? Complain about back pain? Put a hand over a bleeding wound? Also describe how other co-workers responded. Did they call for help, administer first aid, shut down equipment, move the victim, etc.? The incident should be described on the report in sufficient detail that any reader can clearly picture what happened. You might consider creating a diagram to show, in a simple and visually effective manner, the sequence of events related to the incident and include this in your incident report. You might also wish to include photos of the accident scene, which may help readers follow the sequence of events. 3. Analyze Your report should include an in-depth analysis of the causes of the accident. Causes include:  · Primary cause (e. g. , a spill on the floor that caused a  slip and fall)  · Secondary causes (e. g. , employee not wearing appropriate work shoes or carrying a stack of material that blocked vision)  · Other contributing factors (e. g. , burned out light bulb in the area). 4. Recommend Recommendations for corrective action might include immediate corrective action as well as long-term  corrective actions  such as:  ·Ã‚  Employee  training on safe work practices  ·Ã‚  Preventive maintenance  activities that keep equipment in good operating condition  ·Ã‚  Evaluation  of job procedures with a recommendation for changes  · Conducting a job hazard analysis to evaluate the task for any other hazards and then train employees on these hazards  · Engineering changes that make the task safer or administrative changes that might include changing the way the task is performed.

Oil Never Sleeps Essays - Petroleum, Surfboard,

Oil Never Sleeps Recently while reading Surfer Magazine I came across a fascinating article called "Oil Never Sleeps". At first I thought it would ge just another "Environmental Complaint" or whining session. Surfers are always concerned with the ocean and the safety of using it. I was surprised to see a new view or perspective being used. In the past, oil contaminations were always told of from an etic point of view towards the oil industry. In this artilce, the author connects with the surfers and the oil industry as being part of both of them (Emic). His discussion making this inclusion was very clever. The surfboards, wetsuits, wax, and accessories are primarily made from petroleum. The transportation to the beach even uses and supports this beast that's been destroying the ocean and earth. His examination of the data is fairly thorough. It reminded me of class discussions about cultures that exploit nature versus those who live in harmony with it. All of this time I have felt myself to be one of the more environmentally aware people. I ride bicycle and skateboard locally to keep from using a car. Now after reading about "petroleum surfboards", I realize that bicycles have a lot more oil in them than you might think. All of the safety gear is oil, the helmet, pads, shoes, lycra shorts, bottles, even the wristwatch. The same applies to skateboarding. At this point I look up and see thousands of gallons of oil in my house. I'm surrounded by it. My sofas, phones, t.v., vcrs, planters, catbox, computer system, picture frames, all of my product containers, security system, bags, tapes, cameras, even the pen I'm using. I wear it, put it in my mouth twice a day to clean my teeth, massage my head for vanity with it, cover my eyes with it, talk to it, carry it in my pockets, buy groceries with it, get cash with it, and walk with it on my feet. It makes me ill thinking that I pointed the finger outward to lay blame on "them" when Exxon Valdez spilled our lover into the ocean. The culture of the industrial world has revolved around oil. It fights and kills for it. It's worse than any drug addiction and more powerful than money (which was printed on 50% oil based paper). This illness is limited to those of us above the farming level. The mode of subsistence for the whole world is oil, with exception of the rapidly disappearing natural inhabitants (tribes, animals, etc..). The author didn't look this deeply into the subject, but it did probe me to look at the whole picture about oil. Nevertheless, his picture of us and oil is just as terrible. The ending didn't give many reasonable solutions, there can always be safer ships, but until this "culture of oil" develops higher understanding or moves on, we will all have to deal with spills, land contamination, and acid rain. If the earth is our mother, then oil is our lover.

John F. Kennedys Legacy in Education and the Space Race

John F. Kennedy's Legacy in Education and the Space Race While the last photographs of John F. Kennedy preserve him eternally in Americas collective memory  as 46 years old,  he would have been 100 years old on May 29, 2017. Education was one of the signature issues of President Kennedy, and there are a number of legislative efforts and messages to Congress that he initiated to improve education in several areas: graduation rates, science, and teacher training. On Raising High School Graduation Rates   In a  Special Message to the Congress on Education,  delivered  on  February 6, 1962, Kennedy laid out his argument that  education in this country is the right- the necessity- and the responsibility- of all.   In this message, he noted the high number of high school dropouts: Too many- an estimated one million a year- leave school before completing high school- the bare minimum for a fair start in modern-day life. Kennedy referenced the  high percentage of dropouts in 1960, two years earlier. A data study  prepared by the  Institute of Educational Studies (IES) at the  National Center for Educational Statistics, showed the high school dropout rate in 1960 was at a high 27.2%. In his message, Kennedy also spoke about the 40% of students at that time who had started but never completed their college education.   His message to Congress also laid out a plan for increasing the number of classrooms as well as increased training for teachers in their content areas.  Kennedys  message to promote education had a powerful effect. By 1967, four years after his assassination, the total number of high school dropouts was reduced by 10% to 17%. The dropout rate has been falling incrementally ever since. As of 2014, only 6.5% of students drop out of high school. This is an increase of 25% in graduation rates from when Kennedy first promoted this cause. On Teacher Training and Education In his Special Message to the Congress on Education (1962), Kennedy also outlined his plans to improve teacher training by collaborating with the  National Science Foundation and the Office of Education.   In this  message, he proposed a system where, Many elementary and secondary school teachers would profit from a full year of full-time study in their subject-matter fields, and he advocated that these opportunities be created. Initiatives like teacher training were part of Kennedys New Frontier  programs. Under the policies of the New Frontier, legislation was passed to expand scholarships and student loans with  increases in funds for libraries and school lunches. There were also funds directed to teach the deaf, children with disabilities, and children who were gifted. In addition, literacy training was authorized under Manpower Development and Training Act (1962) as well as an allocation of Presidental funds to stop dropouts and the  Vocational Education Act (1963). Kennedy saw education as critical to maintaining the economic  strength of the nation.  According to Ted Sorenson,  Kennedys speechwriter, no other domestic issue occupied Kennedy as much as education. Sorenson quotes Kennedy as saying: Our progress as a nation can be no swifter than our progress in education. The human mind is our fundamental resource. On Science  and Space Exploration The successful launch of  Sputnik 1,  the first artificial Earth satellite, by  the Soviet space program  on October 4, 1957, alarmed American scientists and politicians alike. President  Dwight Eisenhower appointed the first presidential science adviser, and a Science Advisory Committee asked part-time scientists to serve as advisers for their initial steps. On April 12, 1961, only four short months into Kennedys presidency, the Soviets had another stunning  success. Their Cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin completed a successful mission to and from space. Despite the fact that the United States space program was still in its infancy, Kennedy responded to the Soviets with his own challenge, known as the moon shot, in which Americans would be the first to land on the moon.   In a speech  on  May 25, 1961, before a joint session of Congress, Kennedy proposed  space exploration to put astronauts on the moon, as well as other projects including nuclear rockets and weather satellites. He was quoted as saying: But we do not intend to stay behind, and in this decade, we shall make up and move ahead. Again, at  Rice University on September 12, 1962, Kennedy  proclaimed that America would have a  goal to land a man on the moon and bring him back by the end of the decade, a goal that would be directed to educational institutions: The growth of our science and education will be enriched by new knowledge of our universe and environment, by new techniques of learning and mapping and observation, by new tools and computers for industry, medicine, the home as well as the school. As the American  space program known as Gemini was pulling ahead of the Soviets, Kennedy gave one of his last speeches on October 22, 1963,  before the National Academy of Sciences, which was celebrating its 100th anniversary. He expressed his overall support for the  space program and emphasized the overall importance of science to the country: â€Å" The question in all our minds today is how science can best continue its service to the Nation, to the people, to the world, in the years to come†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Six years later, on July 20, 1969,  Kennedys efforts came to fruition  when Apollo 11 commander Neil Armstrong took a giant step for mankind and stepped onto the Moons surface.

Mechanical cavopulmonary assist device cage for Fontan patients Research Paper

Mechanical cavopulmonary assist device cage for Fontan patients - Research Paper Example Smaller size of the filaments limits the structural support ability of the protective cage while large sizes of the filaments decreases the hydrodynamic properties of the design while increasing the pressure. The size of the filament thickness is however subject to change based on computational test results. The number of filaments is proposed to be five, not the same as the number of impeller blades, in order to shun resonance and vibration of the system. The protective cage offers protection to the vessel from the rotating components through its radial arrangements of the filaments. The elliptical design of the protective cage of filaments not only presents hydrodynamic characteristics but also provides space efficiency. The angle designs of the blades helps in space conservation given that a number of the blades can be fitted within the pump for maximum functionality. This helps in minimizing the size of the pump to ensure it properly fits within the blood vessel. The pump is characterised with diffuser blades, which are located on the protective filament cage. A shift in the flow directionality aids the diffuser blades to convert the rotational force produced by the impellor to potential energy. A motor-magnetic bearing suspension is used to induce the pump rotation. The proposed design will aim to achieve this through the levitation and rotation of the impellor within the protective filament cage (Throckmorton et al., 2010). The protective cage of filaments is designed with five elliptically shaped filaments. The proposal aims at modifying the design to serve both protective and design functions at the same time. The shape of the protective cage filaments serves significant role in stabilizing the impeller blades radially and axially in addition to acting as a barrier in the protection of the vessel from the rotating impeller blades. The unique elliptical design shape of the filaments plays a vital role in maximizing energy production from impeller while

Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 80

Assignment - Essay Example The disease is also causes fever, and red skin-spots that later turn black, thus the name â€Å"Black Death†. The disease reached Europe through The Black Sea in October 1347 when 12 Genoese trade ships arrived at Messina’s Sicilian port. The Genoese ships’ passengers on board were already plague-infected. The strategic location of China as one of the world’s significant trading nations facilitated the spread of the Black Death into Europe and Western Asia. The Black Death rapidly spread in â€Å"Europe from Italy, France, Spain, Portugal, England, Germany, Scandinavia, Norway, Bergen, Iceland, to northwestern Russia.†3 The medieval society was tremendously influenced by the Black Death. To begin with, there was starvation in the villages because the laborers died. The men who were supposed to plough fields died. The lack of labor also affected the harvesting, and livestock farming. In the urban areas, the effects of the Black Death were directly proportional to the impacts in the rural areas. A number of people migrated from the urban areas to the rural areas because it was believed that the fleas causing the Black Death was common in the urban areas. The urban areas suffered lack of food because the primary suppliers of food, who were the surrounding villages, could not supply adequate food. The loss of labor through deaths led to the lords resorting to sheep farming, as opposed to earlier grain farming. There was also shortage of commodities like bread because of the decline in grain farming. The prices of food in the urban areas skyrocketed because of the inflation. The inflation resulted into workers demanding for better pay, leading to the 1381’s Peasants Revolt in Europe when the landlords were hesitant to heed to the peasants’ demands.4 There were huge disruptions in the medieval world because of the Black Death. The Black Death led to the establishment of Feudal law restricting the movement of peasants, unless authorized by

Paraphrase Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Paraphrase - Essay Example One inclusive cycle of the waveform, or the time in which it takes to complete, is referred to as a period. Another component of a sinusoid is the amplitude, or the total quantity of pressure variation surrounding the mean of the wavelength. The final specification of a sinusoid is the part of the cycle where the wave progresses relative to a particular fixed point in time, referred to as the phase. Phase is only a crucial aspect to consider for the measurement of continuous sinusoids, because one is forced to reflect upon the relationship between two or more different waves, rather than just a single wave. However, because the vowel is considered to be a complex waveform, it can be evaluated by converting the complex waveforms into a series of sinusoids distinguished by specific frequencies, amplitudes and phases. In doing so, it is determined that a vowel has two difference frequencies, one high and one low. The sinusoids of low frequency lean towards a higher amplitude, while the sinusoids of high frequency are nearly equally balanced in amplitude from the mean. The combination of two sinusoids of two different frequencies results in a complex wave. This is accomplished by adding low and high frequencies, in which the frequency is maintained in the resulting wave. Also, a complex wave can be formed by adding two amplitudes at a suitable point in time. The perceived shape of the complex wave is reliant upon the relative frequency, amplitude and phase of each aspect of the sine wave. Vowel acoustics are examined by the relative results of the formants. According to Benade in the 1976 study, formants are â€Å"the peaks that are observed in the spectrum envelope†. This can be observed through dark bands which appear on a spectrogram, signifying acoustic resonances emitted from the vocal tract. The vocal tract operates as a resonant cavity and the placement of certain facial features, including the tongue, jaw and lips, results in different

What Are The Uses Of Phenoxybenzamine Hydrochloride Biology Essay

What Are The Uses Of Phenoxybenzamine Hydrochloride Biology Essay Phenoxybenzamine Hydrochloride (RS)-benzyl(2-chloroethyl)1-methyl-2-phenoxyethylamine hydrochloride is a alpha-adrenoceptor blocker that covalently binds and irreversibly inhibits the activity of alpha-1 alpha -2 adrenoceptors.3,4 Phenoxybenzamine Hydrochloride is mainly used to treat episodes of high blood pressure and sweating related to phaeochromocytoma. Phaeochromocytoma is a rare catecholamine-secreting tumour of the adrenal medulla. Patients with phaeochromocytoma are usually hypertensive and suffer headache, palpitations, and excessive sweating.3 However it is rarely prescribed due to it unfavourable side effects. One of the side effects of Phenoxybenzamine is that block the ejaculation. Also some studies are under investigation to use Phenoxybenzamine as male contraceptive pills.11 , HCl Fig. 01 Molecular structure of (RS)-N-benzyl-N-(2-chloroethyl)-1- phenoxy-propan-2-amine Phenoxybenzamine hydrochloride is white, odourless, crystalline powder that is sparingly soluble in water; soluble in ethanol, chloroform, and propylene glycol; and insoluble in diethyl ether. Neutral and alkaline solutions are unstable; sensitive to oxidation and photo degradation.6,7,8 Molecular Weight9: 303.82638 [g/mol] Molecular Formula : C18H22ClNO MonoIsotopic Mass9: 303.138992 CAS-No. : 63-92-3 The stability studies for Phenoxybenzamine injection concentrate were carried out by Zeta Analytical Ltd. for their Clients. Also analytical method for related substance of Phenoxybenzamine Injection has been validated by them. During the stability studies, it has been found that some stability batches contain more than 0.1% of unknown impurities. Already there are three identified, process related impurities were reported in their clients analytical methods.10 Those three impurities A, B, and C are reported as shown below. 1. Impurity A: N-benzyl-N-(2-chloroethyl)-2-phenoxypropan-1-amine Fig. 02 Molecular structure of N-benzyl-N-(2-chloroethyl)-2- phenoxy-propan-1-amine 2. Impurity B: N-benzyl-N-(2, hydroxyethyl)-1-phenoxypropan-2-amine Fig. 03 Molecular structure of N-benzyl-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-phenoxypropan-2-amine 3. Impurity C: N-(2-chloroethyl)-1-phenoxypropan-2-amine Fig. 04 Molecular structure a of N-(2-chloroethyl)-1-phenoxypropan-2-amine According to the International Conference on Harmonization1,2 (ICH) guidelines any component of a pharmaceutical product which is not the chemical entity of active substance or excipients, present at levels higher than 0.1% or 1 mg/day intake (whichever is lower) for a maximum daily dose of 2 g/day or less, need to be identified and qualified with appropriate toxicological studies. For a daily dose of greater than 2 g of drug substance, the identification threshold is 0.05%.1 ,2 Also British (BP), European (EP) and United states (USP) pharmacopeia texts refers the ICH criteria on impurity profiling for new drug substance and new drug products.5,6,7 Hyphenated techniques such as LC-MS and LC-NMR methods as an effective tool for characterization of impurities and degradation products in drug molecules. Therefore, Zeta Analytical proposed this project to perform LC-MS analysis on Phenoxybenzamine injection for structural elucidation of unknown impurity. This project involved method transferring (Tech transfer) from Zeta to Kingston University and developing a LC-MS compatible chromatographic method structural identifications of unknown impurity. Literature Study: There are no chromatographic methods have been reported in the literature describing the analysis of Phenoxybenzamine and its related substances using UV detection. The chromatographic Conditions mentioned in United States Pharmacopoeia (USP) monograph7 (refer Appendix) and Zetas method quiet similar apart from the detection wavelength, which is 268nm for USP and 220 nm for Zeta. Both methods are not compatible for LC/MS analysis. Because phosphate buffer is a one component that mobile phase consist in both methods. There are no reports available on the investigation using LC/MS/MS and isolation of related substances in Phenoxybenzamine active pharmaceutical ingredient (API). However, in order to analyse the sample in LC/MS and to get better chromatographic resolution the method has been modified for use in the present investigation. A synthesis route of Phenoxybenzamine has been mentioned in Vardanyan and Hruby,18 and slightly different route of synthesis for phenoxybenzaime related amines has been reported in Giardink et al.13 EXPERIMENTAL Material and Methods Chemicals used (all anal. Grade )were: Phenoxybenzamine Hydrochloride ( Sigma- Aldrich) , Impurity B (PBA) from med alchemy S.L Spain, HPLC grade Acetonitrile (Sigma- Aldrich), Potassium phosphate dibasic, Potassium phosphate monobasic, Ammonium formate, Ammonium Hydroxide, MilliQ grade water Samples Phenoxybenzamine injection concentrate ; Each 2 ml ampoule contains 100 mg Phenoxybenzamine Hydrochloride BP and excipients are absolute ethyl alcohol, hydrochloric acid AR and propylene glycol. Sample Preparation for HPLC and LC-MS Whole contents of ampoule was transferred to a 100mL volumetric flask and dissolved with 30 mL of acetonitrile. Then it was shacked for few minutes to mix well and added more acetonitrile to volume up the level of volumetric flask. HPLC analysis at Zeta Analytical Ltd. HPLC analysis was proceeded at these chromatographic condition : Column Phenomenex Gemeni-NX 5Â µm C18 110A 250-4.6 mm. Mobile phase used : pH 7.5 20mM Phosphate buffer (Dissolved 2.4g of K2HPO4 in 1L of water and adjusted to pH 7.5 with KH2PO4) : Acetonitrile = 30% : 70% (Isocratic mode ) .Column temperature 25C , flow rate 0.9 cm3min-1 , detection at 220nm . HPLC system used at Zeta analytical Ltd : Pump , Auto sampler ,UV detector and thermostat are Agilent 1100 series with Agilent Chemstation for LC data system. HPLC analysis at School of chemistry and pharmacy, Kingston University: HPLC analysis was proceeded at these chromatographic condition : Column Phenomenex Gemeni-NX 5Â µm C18 110A 250-4.6 mm. Mobile phase used : pH 7.5 20mM Phosphate buffer (Dissolved 2.4g of K2HPO4 in 1L of water and adjusted to pH 7.5 with KH2PO4) : Acetonitrile = 30% : 70% (Isocratic mode ) .Column temperature 25C , flow rate 0.9 cm3min-1 , detection at 220nm . HPLC system used at Kingston University: Pump , Auto sampler ,UV-VIS detector and thermostat are Perkin Elmer series 200 with Totalchrom v6.2 software. LC- MS analysis at School of chemistry and pharmacy, Kingston University: LC-MS analysis was proceeded at these chromatographic condition : Column Phenomenex Gemeni-NX 5Â µm C18 110A 250-4.6 mm. Mobile phase used : pH 8.3 20mM Ammonium formate buffer (Dissolved 1.3g of NH4HCO2 in 1L of water and adjusted to pH 8.3 with NH4OH) : Aceotonitrile = 30% : 70% (Isocratic mode) .Column temperature 25C , flow rate 0.9 cm3min-1 , detection at 220nm . LC system : Pump , Auto sampler ,UV-VIS detector and thermostat are Perkin Elmer series 200 with Totalchrom v6.2 data system. Mass detetectors used : Two different mass detectors were employed : Waters Micromass LCT ESI-TOF-MS system with Mass Lynx 4.1 software Thermo TSQ Quantum Access system ( MSMS ) with Thermo Excalibur software RESULTS AND DICUSSION HPLC Analysis at Zeta Analytical Ltd. Initially the sample was analyzed in Agilent HPLC in Zeta Analytical Ltd. Based on the Zetas Analytical Method validation report for the related substance of Phenoxybenzamine HCl injection, the three identified impurities and one unidentified impurity were confirmed. Below the fig.05 (Appendix A-1) shows the peaks of Phenoxybenzamine and its impurities and the table 01 shows the retention time of those peaks. Fig. 05 HPLC chromatograms of Phenoxybenzamine HCl injections Table 01: Peaks and its retention time of Phenoxybenzamine (zeta) Peaks Retention Time / min Impurity C 5.2 Impurity B 7.3 Unidentified Impurity 8.6 Impurity A 18.2 Phenoxybenzamine 19.6 HPLC Analysis at Kingston University: (Method Transfer) The above results obtained at zeta were replicated again with Perkin-Elmer HPLC system in Kingston University. Same chromatographic condition was employed with same Phenomenex Gemeni-NX 5Â µm C18 110A 250-4.6 mm column . The fig.06 below show chromatogram of Phenoxybenzamine HCl injection analysis repeated at Kingston University(Appendix A-2). The peaks were interested and its retention times are shown in the table 02 below. Fig.06 HPLC chromatogram of Phenoxybenzamine HCl Injection (Kingston) Table 02. Peaks and its retention time of Phenoxybenzamine (Kingston) Peaks Retention Time / min Impurity C 5.0 Impurity B 7.0 Unidentified Impurity 8.4 Impurity A 17.9 Phenoxybenzamine 19.5 LC-MS Analysis of Phenoxybenzamine Injection Concentrate: Phosphate buffers are not compatible for LC-MS due to their non volatile nature. Since it was necessary to replace the phosphate buffer to a volatile buffer. Mean while the chromatographic development should not be changed. The ammonium formate buffers are widely used in LC-MS analytical methods and has buffering pH range (8.2-10.2) close to the previous phosphate buffers used which is pH 7.5 . 20mM ammonium phosphate buffer was prepared adjusted the pH to 8.3. The HPLC analysis previously performed was repeated with mobile phase of Ammonium formate buffer : Acetonitrile =30: 70 instead of mobile phase of phosphate buffer : Acetonitrile = 30:70 . The isolation of peaks and the resolution obtained in previous analysis was replicated. Fig. 07 Show the HPLC chromatogram of replicated results with Ammonium formate buffer and the table 03 show retention time and its corresponding peaks. Fig.07 HPLC chromatogram of PBA Injection Sample ( Modified Mobile phase for LC-MS analysis) Table 03: Peaks and its retention time of Phenoxybenzamine (Ammonium formate as buffer)The samples were run on HPLC several times and constant chromatographic development was observed. Hence the sample fractions of unknown impurity was collected several time during HPLC run for LC-MS (accurate mass measurement) and LC-MS/MS (selective ion monitoring) analysis. Peaks Retention Time / min Impurity C 5.3 Impurity B 7.3 Unidentified Impurity 8.7 Impurity A 18.5 Phenoxybenzamine 19.8 Accurate mass measurement with Time of Flight (ToF) mass detector Feasibility of TOF mass detectors has made it to be used widely for measurement of accurate mass. Several unknown impurity sample fractions were analyzed for the accurate mass measurement on Waters micromass LCT ESI TOF-MS and obtained the average of the accurate mass value of unknown impurity. Ionization technique is Electron spray Ionization and mass analyzer is Time of Flight analyzer in this instrument. Results were taken on positive mode ( M + H + ). Hence mass of one proton must be deducted from the spectral mass value to obtain the exact mass value of unknown compound. H1 mass is considered to be 1.007 Da in the calculation below. Table 03: m/z value of Peaks observed its corresponding calculated monoisotopic mass M + H + / Da Mass of Unknown Compound / Da 344.215 343.208 344.216 343.209 344.216 343.209 344.219 343.212 344.211 343.204 344.209 343.202 344.215 343.208 344.214 343.207 344.215 343.208 344.213 343.206 344.215 343.208 344.22 343.213 344.213 343.206 344.221 343.214 344.223 343.216 The average molecular weight and standard deviation of results are found to be 343.2086667 and 0.003754363 respectively. Above results were subjected to statistical evaluation using Microsoft excel spread sheet. At 99% confidence level the molecular weight of the unknown impurity is found to be 343.2086667 0.002497. Determination of Elemental Composition of unknown impurity. Using Mass Lynx 4.1 MS data management software possible elemental composition was obtained for the molecular weight of 343.209 with 200.0 mDa tolerance . It was able to exclude a large amount elemental composition to narrow findings. That is elimination of Chlorine in the composition . Because the mass spectrum of unknown impurity does not show the isotopic pattern for chlorine. i.e. When one Chlorine atom is present in a molecule, that will show a n/n+2 ratio of 100/32.4 (35Cl/37Cl ratio of 100/32.4). 15,16 Hence only C,H,N and O elements were limited on search. Still hundreds of composition are left to be examined to find correct elemental composition . The second exclusion that is Nitrogen rule14 which was used to eliminate many of those composition. Since the unknown impurity molecular weight is odd number, we can eliminate all the composition with the even number of nitrogen in list. The following table shows considerable elemental composition left after above two exclusions . Table 04. Possible elemental composition and its Monoisotopic mass Elemental Composition Calculated Monoisotopic mass C12H25N9O3 343.2080 C16H29N3O5 343.2107 C23H25N3 343.2048 C21H29NO3 343.2147 C12H29N3O8 343.1955 C15H29N5O4 343.2220 C24H25NO 343.1936 The monoisotopic mass of main active compound is 303.14 and it contains 18 carbon on that molecule. Unknown impurity has the monoisotopic mass value 40 amu higher than the active compound. Therfore if it is been assumed that unknown impurity has more than 18 carbon on its molecule, only two elemental composition would be remained. i.e. C23H25N3 (343.2048) and C24H25NO (343.1936). LC -MS/MS (Tandem mass )Analysis of Phenoxybenzamine HCl Injection Concentrate Thermo TSQ Quantum Access LC-MS/MS was employed for the selective ion monitoring. The unknown impurity fractions , Phenoxybenzamine HCl standard (sigma ) and Impurity B standard were analysed. Analysis of Phenoxybenzamine HCl standard Parameter used: Parent mass: 304.4 Scan time: 0.5000 Collision energy: 16 Collision gas pressure: 1.1 Barr Spray Voltage: 4000 Scan Mode: Product Ion Scan Fig. 08 Product ion scan mass spectrum of Phenoxybenzamine Standard Peaks at m/z 63, 84, 91,107,120, 135 and 212 were observed. The base peak is observed at m/z 91 benzyl fragment . It is stabilized by the resonance form of benzene.17 The following figure illustrates the break downs and its corresponding mass units observed in the product ion scan spectrum. Fig. 09 Illustration of break downs of Phenoxybenzamine Apart from the peaks illustrated on above figure, the peaks at m/z 120 arise due to mass unit CH2NCH2CH2Cl + H+ . This is the middle portion after the mass unit at m/z 91 and 93 break apart from the whole Phenoxybenzamine molecule. i.e M + H+ the molecular ion is m/z 304, but 304 (91+93) = 120 . Analysis of Impurity B standard Parameter used: Parent mass: 286 Scan time: 0.5000 Collision energy: 16 Collision gas pressure: 1.1 Barr Spray Voltage: 4000 Scan Mode: Product Ion Scan Fig. 09 Product ion scan mass spectrum of Impurity B Standard Product Scan spectrum shows peaks at m/z 84, 91,102,107,135,178,194 and 285. The base peak is m/z 91and the molecular ion is m/z 286. The following figure illustrates the break downs and its corresponding mass units observed in the product ion scan spectrum. Fig. 09 Illustration of break downs of Impurity B As seen in the Phenoxybenzamine product ion scan spectrum the removal of mass units m/z 91 and 93 also is observed in this Impurity B spectrum. i.e . there is a peak arise at m/z 102 , this is due removal mass units m/z 91 and 93 from the molecular ion m/z 286. [286-(91+93)=102] Analysis of Unknown Impurity Parameter used: Parent mass: 286 Scan time: 0.5000 Collision energy: 16 Collision gas pressure: 1.1 Barr Spray Voltage: 4000 Scan Mode: Product Ion Scan Fig. 10 Product ion scan mass spectrum of Unknown Impurity Product ion Scan spectrum shows peaks at m/z 84,91,107,119,135,152,160,178,251,267 and 344 . Here the molecular ion peak and base peak are same at m/z 344. This mass spectrum shows quiet similar fragmentation pattern with Phenoxybenzamine and the impurity B were analysed before. Peaks at m/z 84, 91, 93, 107, and 135 are found in all three , Phenoxybenzamine , Impurity B and unknown impurity product ion scan spectrum. Also as studied previously in the spectrum of PBA and impurity B, the deduction of the mass units m/z 91 and 93 from the molecular ion (m/z 344) results a obvious sharp peak at m/z 160. From the facts studied above in product ion scan mass spectrum and accurate mass measurement for elemental composition using TOF -MS , It can be hypothesized a structure of the unknown impurity . The proposed structure for unknown impurity is shown below in figure. Fig. 11 The Molecular Structure proposed for unknown impurity, N-benzyl-N-[(E)-2-phenylethenyl] -1- phenoxy-propan-2-amine The proposed structure can be rationalized with the product ion mass spectrum of unknown impurity. Following fig.12 shows the break downs of the unknown impurity that correspond to the peaks observed on mass spectrum. Fig. 12 Illustration of break downs of Unknown Impurity Most of the impurities found in pharmaceutical compounds usually process-related compounds; they are most probably structurally similar to the synthesized target drugs. It is prominent to study the synthesis route of active pharmaceutical ingredient (API), when the unknown impurity of drugs substance is been identified. Unfortunately the original synthesis route followed by the API manufacturer of Phenoxybenzamine is not known. The prediction for synthesis route of Phenoxybenzamine with possibilities for arising of other 3 Identified process related impurities (A, B, and C) is shown in the following scheme below based on Giardink(1995).13 + (a) (ii) (iii) (iv) (b) (v) (c) (d) (vii) (vi) (a)Oxidation ;(b) 1-phenylmethanamine, HC1/EtOH,molecular sieves 4A, NaBH3CN; (c) Br(CH2)2OH, K2CO3, EtOH; (d) SOCI 2, HCI (g), Benzene (i)phenol; (2)2-methyl oxirane ;(3)1-phenoxypropan-2-ol;(4) 1-phenoxypropan-2-one; (5) N-benzyl-1-phenoxypropan-2-amine; (6) 2-[benzyl(1-phenoxypropan-2-yl)amino]ethanol;(7) N-benzyl-N-(2-chloroethyl)-1-phenoxypropan-2-amine (Phenoxybenzamine) Scheme 1. Predicted synthesis route for Phenoxybenzamine Formation of Impurity A The reaction between phenol (i) and 2-methyl oxirane (ii) is SN2 nucleophilic substitution. Nucleophiles are more reactive to most substituted carbon of epoxides under acidic condition and least substituted carbon is favoured under basic condition.19 In this case carbon position 2 (fig.13) is favoured under basic condition and its form 1-phenoxypropan-2-ol ,which is the precursor molecule for PBA . Fig. 13 Structure of 2-methyl oxirane To very few extent the nucleophiles react at carbon position 3 will form 2-phenoxypropan-1-ol, which will lead to the formation of Impurity A along synthesis process of PBA. Fig.14 Structure of 2-phenoxypropan-1-ol Formation of Impurity B and Impurity C Impurity B, 2-[benzyl(1-phenoxypropan-2-yl)amino]ethanol is intermediate product during synthesis. Refer structure (vi) of scheme 01 . Impurity C, N-(2-chloroethyl)-1-phenoxypropan-2-amine formed due to chlorination of intermediate product 1-phenoxypropan-2-ol (refer structure (iii) of scheme 01). The unoxidised 1-phenoxypropan-2-ol left over is chlorinated by SOCI 2, HCI during last step of the synthesis. Refer (d) of the scheme. CONCLUSIONS Preliminary structural assignments for unknown impurity of Phenoxybenzamine Injection were made on the basis of mass spectral data. Initially the works started with transferring HPLC method from Zeta Lab to Kingston university and developing a LC-MS chromatographic method. Ammonium formate volatile buffer was replaced for phosphate buffer in HPLC method . Same chromatographic development was able to replicated with ammonium formate buffer. Accurate mass measurement was carried out on ESI-TOF LC-MS . Also this studies led to determine possible empirical formula . Then LC-MS/MS analysis was performed. The Product ion Scan mass spectral data are very vital information in final structural elucidation of unknown impurity. The structure deduced from MS/MS confirms the empirical formula C24H25NO that derived with LC-TOF-MS spectral data. Eventually the impurity identified in this this preliminary structural assignments , which eluted at retention time of 8.7 minute was predicted as N-benzyl-N-[(E)-2-phenylethenyl] -1- phenoxy-propan-2-amine . The proposed molecular structure for unknown impurity is shown in fig.11 . The formation of impurities A, B and C those had already identified by manufacture were described based on the predicted synthesis route for Phenoxybenzamine . The formation unknown impurity was not able to explained at this stage of this project since the reaction would have occurred found to be more complicated. This project work was wrapped up at this stage due to time limitation. Further to these preliminary structural assignments various spectroscopic studies such as LC-NMR and IR need to be carried out to complete the characterization of the unknown compound. Ultimately the proposed st ructure can be confirmed by synthesizing N-benzyl-N-[(E)-2-phenylethenyl] -1- phenoxy-propan-2-amine in future.